Imperialism

1. Imperialism Unit 7.3

2. “New Manifest Destiny” • Now that we have gone from sea to shiny sea, where too now? • Causes • Join Imperial Powers – Social Darwinism • Jingoism / “White Man’s burden” – more Social Darwinism • New Markets / Raw Materials (Colonialism?) • Closing of Frontier – F.J. Turner’s Frontier Thesis • Updated Navy (Pres. Arthur) – Greatest of Sea Powerby Alfred T. Mahan

3. Alaska and Hawaii • 1867 – Alaska • “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” • From Russia • Why did we purchase it? • 1890s – Hawaii • Queen Liliuokalani “gives it” to U.S. • Sanford Dole • 1890 McKinley Tariff • Why did we want it?

4. Causes of the Spanish-American War • Yellow Journalism – sensationalism of the news • Joseph Pulitzer’s World • William R. Hearst’s Journal • De Lome letter • Called our President weak • In 1895, Spanish Gen. Weyler puts down rebellion in Cuba led by Jose Marti • February 1898 – USS Maine blows up in Havana Harbor • How did it happen? What did the newspapers say?

5. Except from De Lome letter • “…Besides the natural and inevitable coarseness with which he repeats all that the press and public opinion of Spain has said of Weyler, it shows once more what McKinley is: weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party.”

6. Spanish American War beginnings • “Splendid little War” – fought entirely in 1898 • Teller Amendment – Said that we were fighting to free Cuba from the Spanish • But did we say anything about other places? • 1st Battle – Com. George Dewey and Manila Bay • Isn’t Manila Bay in the Philippines? What are the real intentions?

7. War in the Caribbean • Tampa’s Plant Hotel – Staging ground for operations • More soldiers suffered from yellow fever and other diseases than military actions. • Fighting in both Cuba and Puerto Rico • Most famous battle – San Juan Hill • Most famous soldiers – Rough Riders led by Leonard Wood, but included Teddy Roosevelt (before President) • Fighting included many black units, including the “immunes” that stayed longer as an occupying force (but still many got yellow fever)

8. End of War • Treaty of Paris 1898 • U.S. Paid $20 million to Spain for Philippines, Guam, and P.R. • Cuba • Platt Amendment – Was a way to circumvent some of the Teller Amendment rules. Gave the U.S. power over Cuba. • Puerto Rico • Foraker Act (1900) and Jones Act (1917) – set up gov’t and made Puerto Rico a territory

9. Philippines aftermath • Philippine War (1898-1902) • Led by Emilio Aguinaldo • Filipino General and leader as they tried to declare independence • Cost over $400 million and over 4200 U.S. deaths • William Howard Taft later became the 1st Civilian Governor

10. Cartoons

11. Other Imperialism Misc. • Samoa – 1899, split between U.S. and Germany • American Virgin Islands – purchased from Netherlands • Anti-Imperialist Leagues • Why would some of these people against it? • Samuel Gompers, Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain • 1900 Election – main issue- Imperialism • McKinley defeats W.J. Bryan again for reelection (who’s his VP?)

12. China • In 1898, Sec of State John Hay issued the Open Door Notes • Set up Spheres of Influence in China where each country would basically control that area • Root-Takahira Agreement 1908 – US and Japan will respect each other’s possessions and spheres • Boxer Rebellion (1900) – Chinese Nationalists • Defeated by combo of armies

13. Other Asia Issues • Chinese Exclusion Acts made permanent in 1902 • Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan • Portsmouth Conference 1905 • Roosevelt negotiated peace treaty • Japan would blame TR for them not getting more • U.S. got some of the Spheres in China from Russia and Japan • Roosevelt would win the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize

14. Teddy and his Big Stick policy • “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” • What was Teddy’s Big Stick? • The Great White Fleet (TR sent them on worldwide tour in 1907) • Roosevelt Corollary • Addition to the Monroe Doctrine • U.S. could intervene when necessary in Latin America

15. Panama Canal • Panama rebellion from Columbian – any U.S. involvement? • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) – US could dig canal w/out British involvement and would control it. • Started in 1904, Completed in 1914.

16. Taft and Wilson • Taft’s Foreign Policy – Dollar Diplomacy • Believed in U.S. investment would make it better, but what happen if they did not use money like we wished? • Wilson’s Foreign Policy – Moral Diplomacy • Tried to apply a high moral standard with Sec. of State W.J. Bryan, but ended up using military intervention multiple times.

17. Mexico Conflict • Mexican Revolution and Civil War in early 1900s • Wilson would not recognize the President Huerta. • War almost broke out between US and Mexico • Later Revolutionaries following Pancho Villa crossed into the US and murdered some Americans. • Gen. John Pershing failed to capture him and he were soon involved in WWI.

18. Imperialism cartoons

19. More Cartoons

20. Reflection Questions • Why did the U.S. join with Britain, France and Germany in imperialistic pursuits? • Why did we say we were fighting the Spanish American War and why did you really? • How did Teddy Roosevelt change the impression of the United States in the world? • Although they did all mean to use it, how did Presidents McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson all use a big stick?

21. Links • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlw8aNGP2lU&feature=relmfu – review video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XluXfHWUCV8 – review video (over time-good background) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Na4mFeeyi8I – Parody Hawaii / Alaska / others expansion • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5e3u9-Rz_o&feature=related – panama canal history