Ch.12: Nutrition Through the Life Span: Pregnancy & Infancy

1. Ch.12: Nutrition Through the Life Span: Pregnancy & Infancy • Identify the most significant indicator of an infant’s future health status • Identify the increased nutrient needs during pregnancy • Describe appropriate food choices from the Food Guide Pyramid for pregnant women • Identify weight gain recommendations for pregnancy—underweight, normal weight, and obese

2. Chapter 12: contd. • Describe strategies to alleviate morning sickness, heartburn, and constipation during pregnancy • Identify life style practices to avoid during pregnancy • List the benefits of breast feeding • Identify contraindications to breast feeding

3. Chapter 12: contd. • Identify nutrients that need to be emphasized during lactation • List the main advantage of formula feedings • Identify nutrient needs of the infant • Identify what vitamin-mineral supplements may be needed for the infant

4. Chapter 12: contd. • Determine indicators for introducing solid foods • Identify the single most important nutritional measure to undertake during the 1st year of a child’s life • Define nursing bottle tooth decay (bottle mouth syndrome) and how to prevent it

5. Preparing for Pregnancy • There is a strong correlation between pre-pregnancy weight and infant birth weight. • Infant Birth Weight is the Most Potent Single Indicator of the Infant’ s Future Health Status • Low birth weight is 5½ pounds or less

6. Preparing for Pregnancy, Cntd. • Low birth weight babies have a greater chance of dying early in life • Pre-pregnancy nutrition determines whether a mother will be able to grow a healthy placenta • Placenta: provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus

7. Nutrition during Pregnancy • Energy—one of the smallest increases—only 300 kcalories per day in 2nd and 3rd trimesters • Protein: extra 10 grams • Carbohydrate: generous amounts for protein sparing • Vitamins: Folate and B12 increased for new cell and red blood cell production

8. Nutrition, Cntd. • Minerals: Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in demand for bone development and growth • Fluoride: Fluoridate water or supplements recommended for teeth development • Iron: Increase needed to develop stores in the fetus

9. Food Group Choices • Choose foods of high nutrient density since energy needs only increase slightly • Milk group: nonfat or skimmed milk products • Meat Group: lean meats, eggs and liver • Vegetables: dark greens, deep yellows

10. Food Groups, cntd. • Fruits: Vitamin C rich sources • Breads and Cereals: Whole grain and high fiber

11. Recommended Weight Gain • Underweight: 28-40 pounds • Normal weight: 25-35 pounds • Overweight: 15-25 pounds (never try to diet during pregnancy) • Ideal weight gain is 3½ pounds during 1st trimester and then 1 pound per wk. • WEIGHT GAIN IS NOT ALL BABY

12. Problems during Pregnancy • Gestational Diabetes: can result in complications—HBW baby • Nausea and Heartburn: recommendations in text on page 308 • Constipation: High fiber diet, physical activity and fluids and natural laxatives, e.g. prune juice

13. Practices to Avoid • Cigarette Smoking: small babies • Caffeine: should be limited • Dieting: dieting that results in ketosis may impair fetus brain development • Alcohol: NEVER! Risk of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • Drugs: only on physician’s recommendation

14. Breastfeeding • Mother’s nutritional needs: • Extra energy required to produce milk (500 extra kcalories per day) • Water is also necessary to prevent dehydration • Contraindications to Breastfeeding • Use of alcohol; excessive caffeine use; smoking; HIV/AIDS; drug use and oral contraceptives

15. Infant Nutrition • Nutrient Needs: • Birth weight should double in 4-6 months and triple in one year • Infants require highest amount of nutrients per unit of body weight than any other age • Vitamin K is given at birth for blood clotting • Breast Milk: • Provides all nutrient needs for first 4-6 months • Exception is Vitamin D

16. Infant Nutrition, Cntd. • If breastfeeding, infant requires Vitamin D, and Fluoride • Immunological protection provided by colostrum to protect against infections • Breastfed babies also have fewer allergies • Infant Formulas • Can provide adequate nutrition • Families members can share in the feeding

17. Infant Nutrition, cntd. • Cow’s milk not recommended during the first year—immature digestive system • No fat-reduced milk or formula during first two years—fat is necessary for normal brain development • Nursing bottle (mouth) syndrome: propping a bottle for infant in bed can cause tooth decay, aspiration, and ear infections

18. Infant Nutrition, Cntd. • First Solid Foods • Indicators of readiness for solid foods include: • Infant can sit up and control head movements • Infant is 4-6 months old • Infant has doubled his/her birth weight • Should be eating foods from all food groups at the end of the 1st year (a variety of foods!!)

19. Infant Nutrition • The single most important measure to undertake during the first year is to encourage eating habits that will support continued normal weight as the child grows. • Encourage breast feeding—up to one year if possible • Use table foods, not canned baby foods