Nutrition Through the Life-Span: Childhood Adolescence

1. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Chapter 11 Nutrition Through the Life-Span: Childhood & Adolescence

2. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Early & Middle Childhood After age 1 growth rate slows Body continues to change rapidly Bones grow longer; muscles gain size & strength

3. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Energy & Nutrient Needs Children�s appetites Decline markedly around the first birthday Thereafter, they fluctuate Food energy intakes vary from meal to meal Daily energy remains constant Energy Kcal needs depend on growth & activity 1 year = 800/day 6 years = 1600/day 10 years = 2000/day 9 million children over age 6 are obese Vegans may have trouble meeting energy needs

4. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Early & Middle Childhood Nutrients Are steadily increased Important to accumulate stores of nutrients before adolescence Influences nutritional health for a lifetime Food Patterns Variety of foods from each food group Increased calcium & fiber

5. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth My Pyramid for Children

6. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Children�s Food Choices Need to be nutritious & appealing Limit candy, cola, & other concentrated sweets Nutrient deficiencies Obesity Underweight children can have higher kcalorie foods Ice cream, pudding, whole wheat or enriched crackers or pancakes

7. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Malnutrition in Children Prevalent in very-low-income families 13 million children are food insecure WIC, School Breakfast & National School Lunch Program help Effects of hunger Short term Short attention span Irritable Apathetic & uninterested Long term Impaired growth & immune system

8. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Hunger & School Performance Children who eat breakfast function better No breakfast More overweight Poorer concentration Shorter attention span Lower test scores Tardy or absent more often Low blood glucose Child must eat every 4-6 hours to maintain blood glucose Liver cannot store more than 4 hours worth of glycogen

9. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Iron Deficiency Deficiency and behavior Energy crisis Affects mood, attention span, & learning ability More conduct disturbances Affects brain before anemia develops Prevention Need 7-10 mg/day Milk intakes must be limited after infancy Eat lean meats, fish, poultry, eggs, & legumes Also whole-grain or enriched breads & cereals

10. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Other Nutrient Deficiencies Any other missing or deficient nutrients can cause behavioral & physical symptoms Irritable, aggressive, disagreeable, sad or withdrawn Labeled hyperactive, depressed, or unlikable

11. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Lead Poisoning in Children Can cause an iron deficiency Mild toxicity Diarrhea, irritability, anemia, & fatigue Severe toxicity Irreversible nerve damage, paralysis, mental retardation, death

12. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Food Allergies Only 6% of children Diminishes with age Whole food protein or large molecule enters the body & acts like an antigen Antibodies are produced Food intolerance Does not involve the immune system

13. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

14. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Food Allergies Asymptomatic & symptomatic allergies May produce antibodies & have no symptoms If no antibodies it is not an allergy Symptoms Nausea & vomiting (GI) Rashes (skin) Inflammation or asthma (nasal passages & lungs) Anaphylactic shock (all body systems)

15. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Food Allergies Immediate & delayed reactions can occur Anaphylactic shock Peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, soybeans, fish, or shellfish Peanuts are #1 Symptoms of anaphylactic shock Tingling in mouth, swelling of tongue & throat Difficulty breathing Hives swelling, rashes Vomiting & diarrhea Decreased BP, loss of consciousness, death

16. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Food Allergies Food Labeling As of 2006, food labels must indicate the presence of the 8 major food allergens Equipment must be scrupulously cleaned to prevent cross-contamination Other adverse reactions Monosodium glutamate Natural laxatives in prunes Symptoms of GI problems Lactose & other intolerances Psychological reactions Food dislikes May be nature�s way of protecting against an allergy

17. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Hyperactivity Affects behavior & learning in 5-10% of young children No cure Behavior modification, special education, psych counseling, drug therapy Not caused by poor nutrition Lack of sleep, overstimulation, too much TV or video games, too much caffeine, lack of physical activity

18. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Food Choices & Eating Habits of Children Mealtimes at home Should appeal to children�s tastes & provide needed nutrients Should also nurture child�s self-esteem & well-being Sets the stage for lifelong attitudes & habits Honoring children�s preferences Favor brown peanut butter, white potatoes, apple wedges, & bread Like raw vegetables Warm not hot food Mild flavors with no lumps

19. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Avoiding Power Struggles Don�t force to try new foods Don�t offer rewards to try new foods Don�t restrict them from eating favorite foods Offer 1 new food at a time Small amounts Need 5-10 exposures to enhance preference New food at beginning of meal

20. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Mealtimes at Home Television�s influence Adversely affects children�s nutritional health Watchers tend to be overweight Snack on advertised fattening foods Preventing choking Child needs to sit when eating Do not let them run with food in the mouth Play first Child participation Let them help plan & prepare meals

21. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Meals at Home Snacks Teach them about healthy snacks Pieces of cheese, sliced strawberries, cooked baby carrots, egg salad on whole-wheat crackers Preventing dental caries Teach to brush & floss after meals, rinse with water after snacks, avoid sticky snacks, select crisp or fibrous foods Parents need to serve as role models

22. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Nutrition at School School Breakfast Most are from low-income families Provides a minimum of 1 serving milk 1 serving fruit or vegetable or full-strength juice 2 servings of bread or alternate Two servings of meat or alternate or 1 of each School Lunch Free or at a reduced price Provides at least 1/3 of recommendations for energy, protein, vitamin A & C, iron, & calcium Must follow Dietary Guidelines for Americans

23. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Competing Influences at School Why don�t students eat school lunch? Short lunch periods, long waiting lines Competitive meals from fast-food restaurants, a la carte foods or foods from snack bars, school stores, & vending machines

24. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth The Teen Years Physical changes increase nutrient needs Meeting emotional, intellectual, & social needs is challenging Make more choices for themselves Social pressures Alcohol Extreme body ideals Will try latest fad diet to effect immediate changes

25. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Growth & Development Growth speeds up abruptly & dramatically Adolescent growth spurt Duration of 2 � yrs Males: 12-13 yrs Females: 10-11 yrs Males Greater muscle & bone 8 inches taller 45 pounds heavier Females More fat 6 inches taller 35 pounds heavier

26. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Teen Years Energy & nutrient needs vary depending on rate of growth, gender, body composition, & physical activity Obesity 15% of U.S. children & adolescents age 6-19 are overweight Vitamins Need more vitamin D to increase calcium absorption Iron Increases for both genders Calcium Requirements peak Need more milk

27. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Food Choices & Health Habits Teens have irregular eating habits Rely on quick snacks or fast food Only 1/3 of teens eat evening meals at home Many skip breakfast Need to have nutritious, easy to grab food in the refrigerator Meats for sandwiches Low-fat cheeses Fresh raw vegetables & fruits Fruit juice & milk

28. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Teen Eating Habits Snacks � of daily energy Most are too high in saturated fat & sodium & low in fiber Also low calcium, iron, & vitamin A Beverages Frequently drink soft drinks with lunch, supper, & snacks Linked to weight gain Caffeine may become a problem Milk consumption is decreased

29. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Teen Nutrition Eating away from home 1/3 of all meals are not eaten at home Other meals need to consist of Fresh fruits & vegetables Lean meats & legumes Peer influence Teens are making their own nutrition decisions Peer influence is great during this time in their lives

30. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Problems Adolescents Face Marijuana Almost � of high school students report trying this drug It promotes �the munchies� Cocaine Craving replaces hunger Weight loss is common Ecstasy Can damage brain cells, increase heart rate & raise body temperature Lose weight Drug Abuse in General Produces multiple nutrition problems

31. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Problems Adolescents Face Alcohol By the end of high school 77% of students have tried it About � have been drunk once Provides energy but no nutrients Smoking Every day, 3000 young people start smoking It eases feelings of hunger Smokers have lower intakes of fiber, vitamin A & C, beta-carotene, & folate Smokeless tobacco Produces bad breath, stained teeth, blunted sense of smell & taste

32. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Nutrition in Practice Childhood Obesity & the Early Development of Chronic Diseases

33. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Childhood Health Problems Obesity in children is causing an increased prevalence of: Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Due to overeating, inactivity, & smoking Leads to cardiovascular disease in adulthood

34. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Some Potential Causes Genetics Does not appear to play a determining role Appears to play a permissive role Events during fetal development Theory: malnutrition during a critical period of fetal development may promote a tendency toward obesity later in life Lower birth weight increases risk of adult hypertension

35. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Type 2 Diabetes Obesity is the most important risk factor 85% of children diagnoses with type 2 diabetes are obese Consequences High blood pressure High blood lipids Atherosclerosis Early CVD, kidney disease, blindness, & miscarriages

36. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Children�s Blood Cholesterol As blood cholesterol increases, atherosclerotic lesions increase Blood cholesterol rises as saturated fat intake increases Blood cholesterol correlates with childhood obesity, especially central obesity

37. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Hypertension in Children Accelerates the development of atherosclerosis Need regular aerobic activity and weight loss

38. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Epidemic of Obesity In past 30 years, prevalence in U.S. Has doubled for young children & adolescents Has tripled for children 6-11 yrs Eating more sugar & more kcalories Exercising less Prevention Eat slowly and enjoy companions Stop eating when full Don�t force to clean their plate

39. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth Dietary Recommendations Do not limit fat & cholesterol for infants & children under two Older children need to replace high-fat foods with Low-fat choices More fruits & vegetables Nuts, vegetable oils, light canned tuna or salmon, low-fat milk

40. � 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth How to Turn the Tide of Obesity Don�t smoke Follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 Follow the USDA Food Guide Be physically active each day Adults need to be role models for healthy behaviors