Supergroup Rhizaria Grouped based on molecular similarities not morphology (form and structures)

SupergroupRhizaria • SupergroupRhizaria • Grouped based on molecular similarities not morphology (form and structures) • All have Pseudopodia: extensions that bulge from cell surface • Includes 3 groups: • Forams • Radiolarians • Chlorarachniophytes

SupergroupRhizaria Forams • Foraminiferans (Forams) • Latin • foramen: little hole • Tests: porus shell made of calcium carbonate • Pseudopodia extend through the pores function in feeding, test formation, and feeding • Most photoautotrophic (symbiotic zooxanthellae) • Most are benthic but some planktonic

SupergroupRhizaria Chlorarachniophytes • Chlorarachniophytes • Typically found in tropical oceans • Mixotrophic: can ingest other microorganisms and able to carry out photosynthesis • Pseudopodia extensions form a net to connect cells together and capture prey J. Archibald, 2004

SupergroupRhizaria Radiolarians • Radiolaria • Delicate, intricately symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica • Pseudopodia radiate from the central body and reinforced with microtubules • Most heterotrophic, capturing smaller microorganisms with sticky pseudopodia • Mostly marine

SupergroupRhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, EnsaRybra, 2011 (bad source?)

SupergroupRhizaria Radiolarians • http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, EnsaRybra, 2011 (bad source?)

SupergroupRhizaria Radiolarians http://secretlexicon.blogspot.com, EnsaRybra, 2011 (bad source?)

SupergroupArchaeplastida • SupergroupArchaeplastida • Photosynthetic • Can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular • Contains 3 groups: • Rhodophyta • Green Algae • Land Plants

SupergroupArchaeplastida Red Algae • Rhodophytes • Greek (rhodos = red) • Abundant in warm coastal waters • Since they absorb blue and green light they can be found relatively deep • Also a small number of freshwater and terrestrial species • Most multicellular • Nori: crispy sheets of Porphyra sp. Used to wrap sushi • Unlike other algae, they have no flagellated stages in their life cycles and depend on water currents to spread gametes www.fao.org, 2011 www.fao.org, 2011 Unknown original source, www.rebelliousarabgirl.net, 2011

SupergroupArchaeplastida Green Algae • Chlorophytes • Greek (chloro= green) • Most species freshwater but some marine or terrestrial • Simplest are unicellular like Chlamydomonassp.which resemble the gametes of the more complex algae and plants Unknown original source, www.rebelliousarabgirl.net, 2011

SupergroupArchaeplastida Green Algae • Chlorophytes • Many of the unicellular chlorophytes exist as plankton or inhabit damp soil • Some have even adapted to living in snow (‘watermelon snow’) Lars Jensen, University of Michigan, 2009

SupergroupArchaeplastida Green Algae • Chlorophytes • Larger size and greater complexity are present • Complex life cycles with both sexual and asexual reproductive stages • Reproduce sexually by means of biflagellated gametes Steve Trewhella, 2011

SupergroupArchaeplastida Green Algae • Chlorophytes www.noaa.gov, 2011

SupergroupArchaeplastida Green Algae • Chlorophytes

SupergroupArchaeplastida Green Algae • Charophytes • Closest relatives of land plants Schubert, Hendrik & Blindow, Irmgard, Charophytes of the Baltic Sea, Koeltz Scientific Books, Date ? Unknown original source, www.pbubuilder.org, 2011

Recently proposed, extremely diverse supergroup • Two major groups: • Amoebozoans (amoebas) • Opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and closely related protists) • Amoebozoans • Includes amoebas such as: • Mycetozoans • Gymnamoebas • Entaboebas SupergroupUnikonts

SupergroupUnikonts Amoebozoa • Mycetozoans (slime molds) • Produce fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal • Two groups: • Plasmodial slime molds • Often brightly colored • Cellular slime molds • Unique in that they function individually until food runs out and they form a unit KeresHwn, wikicommons, 2011

SupergroupUnikonts Amoebozoa • Gymnamoebas • Live in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments • Most are heterotrphic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists • Your typical amoeba Michael Gregory, Clinton Community College, 2011

SupergroupUnikonts Amoebozoa • Entamoebas • Parasites! • Humans can be host to at least 6 species, but only one is pathogenic: • E. histolytica • Cause dysentery and responsible for up to 100,000 deaths a year • Spread via contaminated water, food, and utensils (must be ingested) Wikipedia commons, 2011 www.disease-picture.com, 2011

SupergroupUnikonts Opisthokonts • Opisthokonts • Extremely diverse group including animals, fungi and several groups of protists • Nucleariids: closely related to fungi • Choanoflagellates: closely related to animals http://skepticwonder.fieldofscience.com, 2009

Campbell, et al., Biology, Pearson, 2008 Eukaryotes are divided into 5 supergroups

Supergroup Rhizaria Grouped based on molecular similarities not morphology (form and structures)