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Morphology

Morphology. Overview. We all have an internal mental dictionary called a lexicon Morphology is the study of words (the study of our lexicon) To look at morphology, we must consider both form and meaning. Affixes. Affixes are parts of words that “affixed” to other parts of words

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Morphology

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  1. Morphology

  2. Overview • We all have an internal mental dictionary called a lexicon • Morphology is the study of words (the study of our lexicon) • To look at morphology, we must consider both form and meaning

  3. Affixes • Affixes are parts of words that “affixed” to other parts of words • We have prefixes, suffixes, and infixes • Prefix goes at the beginning (pre-) • Suffix goes at the end (-ing) • Infix goes in the middle (-en-)

  4. Derivation vs. Inflection • Inflection is the creation of different grammatical forms of all words. • cat -> cats • In English, inflectional affixes are always suffixes • P. 151 gives a chart of inflectional affixes • Derivation is the process of creating words out of other words. • cat -> catty • Cat is the root on which catty is built. • The form of the root is the stem. • The added pieces are affixes.

  5. Morphemes • The parts that words are made of are called morphemes. • A stem may contain more than one morpheme “Cattiness” • Root= cat • Stem = catty (contains two morphemes= root and one affix) • Second affix = “ness”

  6. Free morpheme-- can be used as words by themselves • Bound morpheme-- morphemes that cannot stand alone (such as affixes) • Bound root-- root word that cannot stand alone (transfer, infer, confer, defer, prefer, etc.) • Content morpheme-- morpheme with identifiable meaning or something that indicates a change in meaning • Function morpheme-- serve a “function” in the sentence but not necessarily with an identifiable meaning

  7. Practice • P. 176 #2

  8. Recap: Derivational vs. Inflectional

  9. Morphological Processes (Ways to Make Words) • Affixation (making new words by adding affixes to stems) • Compounding (making new words from two or more independent words) • Reduplication (making new words by doubling an entire free morpheme or part of it) • Alternations (making new words by morpheme-internal modifications) • Suppletion (making new words that are phonetically unrelated to the shape of the root)

  10. Affixation • making new words by adding affixes (prefix, suffix, infix) to stems Tagalog example of an infix Verb stemInfinitive sulat ‘write’ sumulat ‘to write’ bili ‘buy’ bumili ‘to buy’ kuha ‘take’ kumuha ‘to take’

  11. Compounding • making new words from two or more independent words • English: girlfriend, blackboard, air-conditioner, life-insurance salesman • German: Wunderkind ‘child prodigy’, muttersprache ‘native language’

  12. Reduplication • making new words by doubling an entire free morpheme or part of it • English: Do you like him as a friend or do you like-like him? • Indonesian: rumah ‘house’ vs. rumahrumah ‘houses’ • Tagalog: bili ‘buy’ vs. bibili ‘will buy’

  13. Alternation • making new words by morpheme-internal modifications English: ring, rang, rung, man vs. men strife vs. strive

  14. Suppletion • Making new words that are phonetically unrelated to the shape of the root • We often think of these as being irregular English: • is vs. was • go vs. went

  15. Analytic Made up of sequences of free morphemes Each word consists of a single morpheme with no affixation Example: Mandarin Chinese (p. 163) Synthetic Made up of bound morphemes attached to other morphemes Involves affixation Example: Hungarian (p. 164) Three types of synthetic languages: agglutinating, fusional, and polysynthetic Morphological Types of Languages

  16. Agglutinating Languages

  17. Fusional Languages

  18. Polysynthetic Languages

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