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“Take and Read the Lapis Lazuli Tablet”

Explore the origin and development of cuneiform, the earliest known writing system, and its role in preserving the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest surviving literary works. Learn about the use of tokens, the evolution of signs from pictures, logograms, syllabograms, and determinatives. Discover the significance of homophony and polyphony in cuneiform writing. Delve into the history of Mesopotamia, the city of Uruk, the Sumerian and Akkadian civilizations, and the various periods of cuneiform writing. Uncover the stories of Gilgamesh and the rise of the Assyrian Empire, including the famous library of Ashurbanipal.

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“Take and Read the Lapis Lazuli Tablet”

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  1. “Take and Read the Lapis Lazuli Tablet” The Origins of Cuneiform and How it Preserved the Epic of Gilgamesh

  2. The Origin of Cuneiform Signs I. Tokens: The First Bookkeeping System, c. 8000 B.C. A. What are Tokens B. How They Were Used: Bullae (Clay Balls)

  3. The Origin of Cuneiform Signs II. The Development of Writing A. From Bulla to Tablet, 4th Millennium

  4. The Origin of Cuneiform Signs II. The Development of Writing B. Signs that Developed from Tokens

  5. The Origin of Cuneiform Signs II. The Development of Writing C. Signs that Developed from Pictures

  6. The Origin of Cuneiform Signs II. The Development of Writing E. When It Becomes Cuneiform - At First the images were drawn with the pointed end of a stylus - Cuneiform: Images are created by impressing the edge of the stylus into the clay

  7. The Evolutions of Cuneiform Signs Uruk IV c. 3200 Jemdet Nasr c. 3100-2900 Ur III 2112-2004 Neo-Assyrian 1st millennium god place person woman foreign female slave head mouth food

  8. How Cuneiform Signs Were Used ig = “door” lu = “person, human” šu = “hand” dingir = “god” gish = “wood, tree” du = “to go” I. Logograms: Word Signs

  9. How Cuneiform Signs Were Used Sumerian ig šu du Akkadian daltu qatu alaku = “door” ik - šu - du ikšudu = “they conquered” = “hand” = “to go” II. The Movement to Syllabograms

  10. How Cuneiform Signs Were Used III. Determinatives A. Definition: - Signs that do NOT represent a spoken word or sound, but indicate the class of object to which the word belongs

  11. How Cuneiform Signs Were Used Before names of cities Before names of men Before professions Before names of gods Before names of countries Before objects made of wood III. Determinatives B. Determinatives that Precede their Word

  12. How Cuneiform Signs Were Used After names of regions & countries After names of types of birds After names of types of fish III. Determinatives C. Determinatives that Follow their Word

  13. How Cuneiform Signs Were Used = gu = gu3 = gu4 = gu2 IV. Homophony & Polyphony A. Homophony - When several signs have the same sound - To distinguish between signs subscripted numbers are used to indicate which sign is representing that sound.

  14. How Cuneiform Signs Were Used = ka, zu2, gu3, dug4, du11, inim, kiri3……. = ud, tam, u4, utu, babbar, zalag, lih, lah, hiš…….. IV. Homophony & Polyphony A. Polyphony - When one sign has many values

  15. Where Cuneiform Began I. Mesopotamia

  16. Where Cuneiform Began II. Sumer & Akkad

  17. The Uruk Period, 3700-3100 B.C. III. The City of Uruk

  18. The Jemdet Nasr Period, 3100-2900 B.C. III. The City of Uruk

  19. The Jemdet Nasr Period, 3100-2900 B.C. III. The City of Uruk

  20. The Jemdet Nasr Period, 3100-2900 B.C. III. The City of Uruk - Eanna - Kulaba

  21. Early Dynastic Period, 2900-2350 B.C. I. City States

  22. Early Dynastic Period, 2900-2350 B.C. II. Gilgamesh, 2750 B.C. III. Union of Uruk & Ur

  23. Third Dynasty of Ur, 2112-2004 B.C. I. Ur & the Empire

  24. Third Dynasty of Ur, 2112-2004 B.C. II. Shulgi, 2094-2047 B.C. III. Stories of the Kings of Uruk - Gilgamesh Stories: - Gilgamesh and the Land of the Living - Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven - Gilgamesh and Agga - Death of Gilgamesh - Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld

  25. Old Babylonian Period, 2004-1595 B.C. I. The Fall of Ur & The Amorite Invasion II. Isin Dynasty, 2017-1794 B.C. - A Sumerian dynasty

  26. Old Babylonian Period, 2004-1595 B.C. III. The Flood Story - Appears during Isin Dynasty

  27. Old Babylonian Period, 2004-1595 B.C. IV. First Dynasty of Babylon, 1894-1595 B.C. - Hammurabi, 1792-1750 B.C.

  28. Old Babylonian Period, 2004-1595 B.C. IV. First Dynasty of Babylon, 1894-1595 B.C. - First Akkadian Stories of Gilgamesh - 8 Tablets partially preserved

  29. Middle Babylonian Period, 1595-605 B.C. I. The Fall of Babylon, 1595 B.C. II. Middle East a Number of Kingdoms - Kassites - Hurrians - Hittites

  30. Middle Babylonian Period, 1595-605 B.C. III. Canonization of Akkadian Literature - Gilgamesh becomes an international story - Differs from the Old Babylonian versions - 7 Tablets from all over the Middle East - Translated into 3 different languages

  31. The Assyrian Empire, 900-612 B.C. I. The Rise of Assyria - Ashurnasipal II, 883-859 B.C.

  32. The Assyrian Empire, 900-612 B.C. II. The Assyrian Empire

  33. The Assyrian Empire, 900-612 B.C. III. Ashurbanipal, 668-627 B.C. & His Library - Standard Version of the Gilgamesh Epic

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