Definition: Biodiversity is an abundance of different life. - Ecological biodiversity

1. Biodiversity Definition: Biodiversity is an abundance of different life. - Ecological biodiversity - Species biodiversity - Genetic biodiversity What defines a species? - Similar organisms that can successfully interbreed eg. A labrador and a poodle can interbreed = labradoodle eg. A horse and a donkey cannot successfully interbreed (the resulting mule is sterile)

2. Organizing Biodiversity Vocabulary: Autotrophic – produces its own food (eg. photosynthesis) Heterotrophic – relies on another organism for its food Prokaryote – no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, free floating nucleic acids within cell Eukaryote – membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

3. Organizing Biodiversity History: - Humans have grouped living beings for thousands of years - the science of classification is taxonomy - there have been many systems of classification throughout history The Kingdom System of Classification: Two Kingdoms (Aristotle, during 4th century BC)- based on: Observation Plantae - plants Animalia – animals (higher levels have red blood)

4. Organizing Biodiversity Three Kingdoms (Ernst Haeckel, 1894)- based on: Observation A third kingdom, Protista that included single-celled eukaryotes (true, complete nucleus) and bacteria (prokaryotes– do not have a true nucleus – DNA is not bound by a nuclear membrane) Plantae - plants (mostly autotrophic, multicelluar eukaryotes, reproduction by spores) Animalia - animals (heterotrophic, multicelluar eukaryotes) Protista - single celled eukaryotes and bacteria

5. Organizing Biodiversity Four Kingdoms (Herbert Copeland, 1956)- based on: Observation introduction of the Kingdom Bacteria. Plantae - plants (mostly autotrophic, multicelluar eukaryotes, reproduction by spores) Animalia - animals (heterotrophic, multicelluar eukaryotes) Protista - single-celled eukaryotes (lack tissues or extensive cellular differentiation) Bacteria - bacteria (single-celled prokaryotes)

6. Organizing Biodiversity Five Kingdoms (Robert Whittaker, 1959)- based on: Observation Kingdom Fungi added (single and multi-celluar osmotrophic eukaryotes) Monera - bacteria (single-celled prokaryotes) Protista - single-celled eukaryotes (lack tissues or extensive cellular differentiation) Fungi (single and multi-celluar osmotrophic eukaryotes) Plantae - plants (mostly autotrophic, multicelluar eukaryotes, reproduction by spores) Animalia - animals (heterotrophic, multicelluar eukaryotes)

7. Organizing Biodiversity Three Domains (Carl Woese, 1990)- based on: Evolution and molecular genetics The three-domain system he proposed is based on molecular biology studies, and resulted in the placement of organisms into three domains. Archaea (archaebacteria) – prokaryotic extremophiles Bacteria (eubacteria) - prokaryotes Eukarya - eukaryotes

8. Organizing Biodiversity • Carolus Linnaeus • - the Father of Taxonomy • Used Latin to name groups in 1700’s • (Domain) • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species • Mnemonic: King Philip Came Over From Greece Singing • A species name is given by its Genus (capitalized ) and species (lower case) and is either italicized or underlined. This is called binomial nomenclature (two names) • Rattus rattus • Escherichia coli

9. Organizing Biodiversity There may also be subspecies under the species grouping. - this is why we can have many subspecies (varieties) of the common dog, Canis familiaris If a species name is shortened, all of the rules still apply, just shorten the Genus name with one letter. eg – E. coli E. coli A group of species under one genus can also be identified by using the shortform of species after the Genus name: eg - Lactobacillus spp.