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Dr. Alesia Perkins Clinical Psychologist

A new self-report measure of mentalization: the Reflective Function Questionnaire Society for Psychotherapy Research Ravenscar Conference, March 25 th 2010. Dr. Alesia Perkins Clinical Psychologist. Acknowledgements.

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Dr. Alesia Perkins Clinical Psychologist

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  1. A new self-report measure of mentalization: the Reflective Function QuestionnaireSociety for Psychotherapy Research Ravenscar Conference, March 25th 2010 Dr. Alesia Perkins Clinical Psychologist

  2. Acknowledgements This research was conducted in partial fulfilment of a doctorate in Clinical Psychology at the University of Surrey under the supervision of: • Prof Peter Fonagy (UCL), author of the RFQ • Dr. Susan Howard & Dr Fiona Warren (University of Surrey) Thanks also go to Dr Rosanna Ghinai who worked on an early version of the measure, and the many clinicians and patients who assisted or participated in the current study.

  3. Plan Introducing the concept of mentalization and rationale for development of the RFQ The RFQ Method Study 1 Results Study 2 results Discussion and next steps

  4. 1. INTROWhy a self-report measure of mentalization? • Treatment of BPD NICE (2009)- Mentalization Based Therapy • Measuring mentalization – Reflective Function Rating Scale for Adult Attachment Interview (Fonagy et al, 1998) • Pilot study 212 non-clinical participants • RFQ46 promising results

  5. 1. INTROWhat is mentalization? • ‘to hold others’ minds in mind’ as well as one’s own (Fonagy et al., 2002). • Operationalised in research as ‘reflective function’ • Behaviours can be perceived in terms of mental state constructs, thereby making them meaningful, explicable and predictable. • Effective mentalization develops in early secure attachment relationships (Fonagy & Target, 1997) • Borderline Personality Disorder (Fonagy et al. 1996)

  6. 1. INTROHandy definitions of Mentalization ‘Holding mind in mind’ ‘Attending to mental states in self and others’ ‘Understanding misunderstandings’ ‘Seeing yourself from the outside and others from the inside’ Allen et al., (2008)

  7. 1. INTROResearch on mentalization in BPD and ED • Mentalization lower in BPD and ED (Fonagy et al, 1996) • Resilience -Capacity to mentalize can mediate effects of childhood abuse (Fonagy et al, submitted) • Mentalisation Based Therapy effective for BPD - (Bateman & Fonagy, 1999) even 8 years after treatment (Bateman & Fonagy, 2008) • Skarderud (2007) initial qualitative work suggests effective for ED also

  8. 2. The RFQ 46 items (1=strongly disagree - 6=strongly agree) Polar-scored items (6 or 1 = high mentalizing) Median –scored items (3/4=high mentalizing)

  9. 2. The RFQ examples How strongly do you agree with the following statements: • ‘I don’t always know why I do what I do’ (agree/disagree=high RF) • ‘Strong feelings often cloud my thinking’ (agree/disagree=high RF) • ‘Those close to me often seem to find it difficult to understand why I do things’ (strongly disagree=high RF). • ‘Sometimes I find myself saying things and I have no idea why I said them’ (strongly disagree=high RF).

  10. 3.METHOD Design and aims of the study Cross-sectional questionnaire-based design Study 1: Assess the psychometric properties of the RFQ in non-clinical and clinical populations (BPD and ED). Study 2: Investigating mentalization and comorbidity, bulimic attitudes and impulsivity

  11. 3.METHOD Sample Sample N=403 PD N=53 • Mentalization-based specialist PD team (NHS) • 2 independent service-user lead units ED N=55 • 3 NHS specialist ED teams Non-clinical N=295 • Non-academic staff and students at 3 colleges

  12. 3.METHOD Measures Theory of Mind Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Baron-Cohen et al, 2001) Empathy Cognitive subscale of the Basic Empathy Scale (Joliffe & Farrington, 2006) Perspective-Taking Subscale (PTS) of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davies, 1983) Mindfulness Mindful Awareness Attention Scale (MAAS) (Brown & Ryan, 2003) Borderline personality disorder Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI) (Leichsenring, 1999) Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN) (Zanarini et al. 2003)

  13. 3.METHOD Measures Disordered eating Eating Attitudes Test (Garner et al, 1982) Impulsivity Multi-Impulsivity Scale (Evans et al, 1998) Depression Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al, 1996) Social desirability Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960)

  14. Mind reading (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Baron-Cohen et al, 2001) joking flustered desire convinced

  15. Mind reading cautious insisting bored aghast

  16. 4. THE RESULTS Study 1: Psychometric properties of the RFQ

  17. 4. STUDY 1 RESULTS Internal reliability • Data screening and exploratory factor analysis on whole sample (N=403) reduced RFQ46 to RFQ15 • Factor structure–Internal mentalization of Self and Other • Test-retest reliability r=.78 • Internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=.77) INTERNAL RELIABILITY GOOD

  18. 4. STUDY 1 RESULTSConstruct validity • +veToM, mindfulness and empathy • - ve depression, multi-impulsivity, ED, and BPD. • Low susceptibility to social desirability effects. • RFQ15 more sensitive to psychopathology (ED, BPD, depression, multi-impulsivity) • RFQ46 more sensitive to non-clinical range (empathy, ToM) CONSTRUCT VALIDITY GOOD

  19. 4. STUDY 1 RESULTS Discriminant validity RFQ15 • Clinical (M= 33.05) < Non-clinical (M= 39.58) • Pre-treatment BPD (M=27.33)< ED (M=34.25) • Pre-treatment < post treatment (M=32.02 v M=34.73). Highly suggestive discrimination between pre-post treatment, ED/BPD

  20. 4.STUDY 1 RESULTS: Discriminant validity ROC analysis • RFQ15 ‘excellent’ discrimination between clin/non-clin (AUC=.88) • Cut-off score 35 (best compromise between sensitivity and specificity) 73% clinical correctly identified.10% non-clin incorrectly ident’ as +ve DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY GOOD

  21. RFQ15 Discriminant validity

  22. RFQ15 Discriminant validity

  23. THE RESULTS Study 2: Investigating comorbidity, bulimia and multi-impulsivity

  24. Study 2 Rationale • Given that RF lowest in BPD, the high comorbidity between BN and BPD (O’Brien & Vincent, 2003) and the phenomena of multi-impulsive BN (Lacey & Evans, 1986) hypothesised that mentalization would be lower in: • Comorbid than non-comorbid groups • BN than AN • Multi-impulsives than non-impulsives

  25. 5. STUDY 2 RESULTS: Co-morbidity • Mentalization higher in BPD-only group (M=32.19) or ED-only group (M=36.08) than comorbid group (M=28.31) MENTALIZATION LOWER IN COMORBID GROUPS

  26. 5.STUDY 2 RESULTS:Bulimia • Clin-report diagnosis: mentalization in BN > AN (M=35.44 v M=30.91) • Self-report: multiple regression only significant predictor of mentalization AN (standardised β=-.24, t=-2.00, p=.047) with a large effect size (d=.82) MENTALIZATION LOWER IN AN THAN BN

  27. 5. STUDY 2 RESULTS: Multi-impulsivity • Mentalization: Multi-impulsive < non-impulsive (M=29.85 v M=39.91) • Sobelmediation tests: mentalization significantly mediated the effect of impulsivity on the development of self-report ED (p=.0045)and BPD (p<.0001) traits. • Mediating effect of mentalization accounted for 19% of the variance in BPD and 10% for ED. MENTALIZATION MEDIATES IMPULSIVITY

  28. 6. DISCUSSION and NEXT STEPS • Psychometric properties of RFQ very promising and merits further development and validation (currently underway) • Mentalization a multi-dimensional concept • Mentalization differs amongst clinical groups • Further investigation needed to explain why AN rather than BN associated with lower mentalization

  29. Questions? Dr. Alesia Perkins alesiaperkins@btinternet.com

  30. References Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2008). Mentalizing in clinical practice. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger Syndrome or high-functioning autism. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42 (02), 241-251. Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (1999). Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156 (10), 1563-1569. Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2008). 8-Year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder: Mentalization-based treatment versus treatment as usual. American Journal of Psychiatry, March 17, 11-17. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Texas: The Psychological Corporation.

  31. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84 (4), 822-848. Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24 (4), 349-354. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (1), 113-126. Evans, C. D. H., Searle, Y., & Dolan, B. M. (1998). Two new tools for the assessment of multi-impulsivity: the MIS and the CAM. European Eating Disorders Review, 6, 48-57. Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self: Other Press, New York. Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., et al. (1996). The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64 (1), 22-31.

  32. Fonagy, P., Stein, H., Allen, D., Chen, C. F., Allen, J. G., & Vrouva, I. (submitted). The relationship of childhood and adolescent adversity to impairment of mentalizing capacity and psychological disorder. Journal of Personality Disorder. • Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology, 9 (4), 679-700. • Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1998). Reflective functioning manual (version 5) for application to adult attachment interviews: Unpublished manuscript. University College London. • Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982). The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12 (4), 871-878. • Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29 (4), 589-611. • Lacey, J. H., & Evans, C. D. H. (1986). The Impulsivist: a multi-impulsive personality disorder. British Journal of Addiction, 81 (5), 641-649.

  33. Leichsenring, F. (1999). Development and first results of the Borderline Personality Inventory: A self-report instrument for assessing borderline personality organization. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73 (1), 45-63. • National Institute of Clinical Excellence. (2009). Borderline personality disorder: Treatment and management. London: NICE. • O'Brien, K. M., & Vincent, N. K. (2003). Psychiatric comorbidity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: nature, prevalence, and causal relationships. Clinical Psychology Review, 23 (1), 57-74. • Skarderud, F. (2007). Eating one's words: Part III. mentalization-based psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa- an outline for a treatment and training manual. European Eating Disorders Review, 15, 323-339. • Zanarini, M. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Parachini, E. A., Boulanger, J. L., Frankenburg, F. R., & Hennen, J. (2003). Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD): a continuous measure of DSM-IV borderline psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17 (3), 233-242.

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