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Linear Collider Detector R&D

Linear Collider Detector R&D. Erika Garutti DESY. A Cool Machine. 33 km e-/e+ collider. Energy: 500 – 800 GeV Luminosity: 3-6 10 34 /cm 2 /s . Recommended technology: Superconductive RF cavity 1.3 GHz frequency. Beam Bunch structure:. Goal:

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Linear Collider Detector R&D

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  1. Linear Collider Detector R&D Erika Garutti DESY

  2. A Cool Machine 33 km e-/e+ collider Energy: 500 – 800 GeV Luminosity: 3-6 1034/cm2/s Recommended technology: Superconductive RF cavity 1.3 GHz frequency Beam Bunch structure: Goal: minimise the number of bunches integrated • high readout speed: 25-50 MHz IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  3. Lepton vs Hadron Machines Linear Collider Hadron Machines “small occupancy “huge” occupancy “small” background ”huge” background “small” rate “huge” rate extreme precision reasonable precision focus on individual particles only partial event reconstruction energy balance pt balance  charge and neutral particles  system aspect stressed rather than individual sub-detectors Challenges of Detector R&D: • push precision detector technologies to the limit • optimize detector synergy IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  4. Physics requirements • a) Two-jet mass resolution comparable to the natural widths of W and Z for an unambiguous identification of the final states. • b) Excellent flavor-tagging efficiency and purity (for both b- and c-quarks, and hopefully also for s-quarks). • c) Momentum resolution capable of reconstructing the recoil-mass to di-muons in Higgs-straahlung with resolution better than beam-energy spread . • d) Hermeticity (both crack-less and coverage to very forward angles) to precisely determine the missing momentum. IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  5. DEjet=60%/√E t t event at 350 GeV Linear Collider Events • Simple events (relative to Hadron collider) make particle level reconstruction feasible • Heavy boson mass resolution requirement sets jet energy resolution goal DEjet=30%/√E IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  6. Neutral Hadrons EM Charged Hadrons ~ 18% / E Particle Flow concept • Jet resolution goal is 30%/E • Energy bulk: charged particles  Excellent resolution tracker E/E (jet) = 60% x0 + 25% x 15%/E + 10% x 50%/E + confusione HCAL ECAL tracker E/Etotal IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  7. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Collaboration Forming Technology Choice R&D Phase / Design Construction Done! A new detector concept Particle Flow stresses: • reconstruction of individual particles • separation of particles Large R&D effort Many different approaches Large number of groups involved from allover the world We are not too early if we want to meet the deadline! Less important: • single particle energy resolution Detector requirements: • good tracking, in particular in dense jets • excellent granularity in the ECAL • good granularity in the HCAL • excellent linkage between tracker / ECAL / HCAL IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  8. Detector Concepts SiD: Silicon based LDC: large detector GLD: even larger detector B = 3T B = 4T B = 5T Silicon tracker Gaseous tracker IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  9. Tracker LDC B = 3T GLD B = 4T SiD SiD B = 5T LDC GLD Detector Concepts Concepts currently studies differ mainly in SIZE and aspect ratio Relevant: inner radius of ECAL: defines the overall scale • Figure of merit (ECAL): Barrel: B Rin2/ Rmeffective Endcap: "B" Z2/ Rmeffective Rin : Inner radius of Barrel ECAL Z : Z of EC ECAL front face • Different approaches SiD: B Rin2 LDC: BRin2 GLD: BRin2 ECAL end-view IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  10. Inner Tracking/Vertex Detection Detector Requirements • Excellent space point precision ( < 4 ms ) • Superb impact parameter resolution ( 5µm  10µm/(p sin3/2) ) • Transparency (~0.1% X0 per layer / 4-5 layers) • Track reconstruction ( find tracks in VXD alone)  commonly agreed: Pixel Detector • To keep occupancy below 1%: • with pixels ~ 20 x 20 μm2: 1) readout ~20 times during bunch train CCD:Charge-Coupled Devices DEPFET: DEpleted P-channel Field Effect Transistor MAPS: Monolithic Active Pixels • SoI: Silicon on Insulator 2) store ~20 signals during bunch train ISIS:Imagine Sensor with In-Situ Storage • HAPS: Hybrid Pixel Sensors • OR • 3) make pixels 20 times smaller • FPCCD: Fine Pixel CCD (5x5 μm2)

  11. 1) CCD with parallel readout • principle of operation proven @ SLD  5 MHz x 96 ch.  3.9 mm space point resolution • readout speed required for 250 ns bunch spacing 50MHz clock  column parallel readout achieved in present R&D  25MHz with 100 electrons noise @ 1.9V clocking • minimise material budget • 50 mm thick sensors • <0.1% X0 per layer LCFI (Bristol, Glasgow, Lancaster, Liverpool, Oxford, RAL) CPC1: 750x400 pixels, 20x20 μm2 Bump bonded by VTT to readout CPR1 Various sized (up to 92mmx15mm) CPC2 detector chips IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  12. 2) ISIS: event storage • RF pickup is a concern for all sensors converting charge into voltage during the bunch train; • The In-situ Storage Image Sensor (ISIS) eliminates this source of EMI: • Charge collected under a photogate; • Charge is transferred to 20-pixel storage CCD in situ, 20 times during the 1 ms-long train; • Conversion to voltage and readout in the 200 ms-long quiet period after the train, RF pickup is avoided; • 1 MHz column-parallel readout is sufficient; IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  13. 2) Revolver ISIS 4 5 Storage gate 3 6 Storage gate 2 RSEL OD RD RG 1 7 8 OS Output node to column load Output gate Transfer gate 8 Photogate 20 19 Charge generation Storage Transfer 18 17 Readback from gate 6 Idea by D. Burt and R. Bell (E2V) IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  14. 3) Smaller pixels IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  15. Central Tracking Two general approaches developed for ILC Gaseous Tracker • Builds on successful experience of PEP-4, ALEPH, ALICE, DELPHI, STAR, ….. • Large number of space points, making reconstruction straight-forward • dE/dx  particle ID, bonus • Minimal material, valuable for calorimetry • Tracking up to large radii Silicon Tracker • Superb space point precision allows tracking measurement goals to be achieved in a compact tracking volume • Robust to spurious, intermittent backgrounds • the linear collider is not a storage ring IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  16. Time Projection Chamber Conventional TPC: Wires New concept: Micro Pattern Gas Detectors Gas amplification: Micromegas, GEMs Signal collection by pads or MediPix IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  17. 140 m 75 m e- Gas Electron Multiplier • 50 µm kapton foil, • double sided copper coated • 75 µm holes, 140 µm pitch • GEM voltages up to 500 V • yield 104 gas amplification Small structures (no EB effects) 2-D structures Only fast electron signal Intrinsic ion feedback suppression Use GEM towers for safe operation (COMPASS) IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  18. Point resolution University of Victoria, DESY, Sacley, Orsay, Berkeley  Triple GEM chamber readout on 2x6mm2 pads Point resolution is not as good as expected from simulations Possible reasons: electronics, noise, method  Effect of magnetic field on point resolution IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  19. Silicon tracker SID/SiLC Key R&D: FE and readout chip prototype (.18mm UMC) 16 channel pream, shaper. ADC Lab. Tests are promising s(1/p) = 6 x 10-5 GeV-1 (1.5% / layer) (TPC) IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  20. HCAL ECAL TPC The Calorimeter System CALICE • ECAL: silicon-tungsten (SiW) calorimeter: • Analog readout of silicon pads • Tungsten : X0 /lhad = 1/25, RMoliere ~ 0.9cm • Lateral segmentation: 1cm~ RMoliere • Longitudinal segmentation: 40 layers (24X0) HCAL: digital vs. analog (major open question): Sampling structure with Steel plates and • Analog HCAL (Tile HCAL) Lower lateral segmentation 5x5 cm2(motivated by cost) Active material: - scintillator • Digital HCAL Higher lateral segmentation 1x1 cm2butdigital readout Active material under study: - scintillator - gas (RPCs, GEM) IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  21. 14 layers, 2.1mm thick • PCB, with VFE • Analogue signals DAQ 62 mm • 6x6 1x1cm2 Si pads • Conductively glued to PCB 62 mm ECAL R&D in CALICE • 30 layers of variable thickness Tungsten • Active silicon layers interleaved • Front end chip on PCB board 200mm • W layers wrapped in carbon fibre • PCB+Si layers:8.5 mm 360mm 360mm IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  22. Very Front End Electronics 18-channel Chip 0.8 µm CMOS1 1complementary metal oxide semiconductor IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  23. ECAL @ the DESY test beam Detector slab Carbon fiber + tungsten structure 1-6 GeV e- IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  24. Top e- 3 GeV Front Side |- 7 X0 -| IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  25. ECAL R&D in Japan • Tile/fiber (NEM) • 4cm x 4cm x 1mm-thicktile with 0.7mm  WLS • 4mm-thick hard-lead  compensating • 5 layers combined readout Tile/fiber JINR • same tile structure as for NEM calorimeter but • 2mm-thick hard-lead •  better E resolution despite worse compensation Scintillator Strip Array 20cm x 1cm x 2mm-thick Strip with 1.0mm  WLS 4mm-thick hard-lead 20strips/plane, one (x,y) doublet/layer 17Xo in total JINR, KEK, Kobe, Konan, Niigata, Shinshu, Tsukuba IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  26. ECAL R&D in Japan Scintillator Strip Array (KSMX) 20cm x 1cm x 1cm-thick Strip with 1.0mm  WLS20strips/plane and one (x,y) doublet Read out by: HPD, HAPD, EBCCD HPD (HAPD) - Photo-cathode + PIN diode (or APD) with a vacuum gap in between - Insensitive to the axial magnetic field - HV between photocathode and PIN diode - Gain ~ 3000 (x100) with photo-cathode @ -11 kV • Electron Bombarded CCD •  Photons detected on a photo-cathode • Released electrons are accelerated across a gap and impact on the back side of a back-thinned CCD. • Gain ~ 500 • single photo-electron peak visible

  27. Test beam @ KEK

  28. Sc-W-Sc-W-Si-W-Sc-W-Sc-W Como, ITE-Warsaw, LNF, Padova, Trieste Kansas ECAL R&D in LCCAL • Silicon-scintillator Hybrid - Si-W advantages: high granularity - Erec from Scintillator-WLS fibers - ~factor 10 < # of channels Fibres grouped into 25x4 bundles making a 4-fold longitudinal segmentation Slots for the insertion of the 3 Si pad planes (Motherboard). IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  29. Correspondence between energy and number of cells hit Number of cells hit Energy (GEV) HCAL: analog or digital? Digital HCAL • record only the cell which are hit • no amplitude information • small cells: imagining HCAL R&D challenges: proof of principle large scale cheap readout algorithm development Tile (analog) HCAL • record the position and amplitude R&D challenges: light registration system optimisation algorithm development IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  30. HCAL: analog or digital? • low E digital better than analog due to suppressed Landau fluctuations • high E analog better than digital • Possible solution: multiple thresholds (semi-digital) • Digital: require small pad size ~1cm • small scintillator tiles •  gas + small pad readout s/E Analog Digital (0.5x0.5) Digital (1.4x1.4) Digital (2.5x2.5) Digital (3.0x3.0) E [GeV] IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  31. Pad array 1.1mm Glass sheet pixel h Resistor Rn=400 k 1.1mm Glass sheet -HV 42m Single photoelectron 20m Aluminum foil Al MIP R 50 Depletion Region 2 m Substrate Ubias HCAL: readout technology Tile HCAL: • light registration • look at different SI based technologies: have to work in B-field! • Silicon Photo-multiplier (SiPM)  • optimisation of scintillator • optimisation of light transport • single photoelectron resolution SiPM Digital HCAL: • readout detector: Resitive Plate Chambers or Gas Electron Multiplier • easy to build, low cost • very high granularity: 1cm2

  32. Shower imaging with AHCAL Longitudinal shower shape Lateral shower shape 5x5cm2 celle • 100 channels prototype • tested at DESY testbeam in 2004 • Excellent results obtained! • Prototype under construction: 1m3 8000 cells, from 3x3cm2

  33. 140 m 75 m A calorimeter with GEMs Sandwich structure of steel and gas chambers 3 layers of gas amplification with GEM foils steel onboard readout Pad readout IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  34. The left out… Due to time limitation I could not address: • Very forward detectors: - luminosity measurements - very forward e and g hermeticity • Tail catcher / muon detection - instrumented iron yoke - improve HCAL resolution Technologies: long scintillator strip, RPC • Many other R&D project on the various detectors IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

  35. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Collaboration Forming Technology Choice R&D Phase / Design Construction Done! Conclusion & Outlook • HUGE R&D effort already started to provide a unique detector for the ILC • Effort will continue with the clear goal of proposing a detector design by 2007 • The next few years will reserve a lot of fun and challenges IFAE Catania - E. Garutti

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