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Colligative Properties

Colligative Properties. (Solutions Chp 10). Units. Mass Percent: mass of solute/total mass of solution Mole Fraction (X): moles/total moles Molality (m): moles of solute/kg of solvent Molarity (M): moles of solute/liters of solution. Principles of Solubility.

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Colligative Properties

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  1. Colligative Properties (Solutions Chp 10)

  2. Units • Mass Percent: mass of solute/total mass of solution • Mole Fraction (X): moles/total moles • Molality (m): moles of solute/kg of solvent • Molarity (M): moles of solute/liters of solution

  3. Principles of Solubility • The nature of solvent and solute particles and the interactions between them • Like dissolves like (polarity) • Most non polar have small water solubility • Ionic compounds: • Bigger force of H2O and the ions (soluble) • Bigger force of opposite charges (stays solid)

  4. Principles of Solubility (cont.) • The temperature of which the solution is formed (T increased) • Endothermic rxn: more soluble • Exothermic rxn: less soluble • The pressure of a gaseous solute (g + l) • Henry’s Law : [gas] = k Pgas

  5. Colligative Properties • properties of a solution that depends primarily upon the concentration of solute particles • Two types: • Nonelectrolytes (molecules in sol.) • Electrolytes (ions in sol.)

  6. Nonelectrolytes • Vapor pressure lowering- vapor pressure of a solution is less than that of pure water • Raoult’s law: • P1 = X1P1o X1 = (1 – X2) • P1o –P1 = ΔP ΔP = X2P1o • Osmotic pressure & reverse osmosis • When osmotic pressure (π) is less than the external pressure (P) the solution permeates through to the pure water, reverse osmosis • π = [B]RT(

  7. Nonelectrolytes (cont.) • Boiling points elevated • Δ Tb = Tb - Tbo • Freezing points lowered • ΔTf = Tfo - Tf

  8. Electrolytes • When electrolytes are dissolved, the increase the concentration, intensifying the past properties • Ex. • 1 mol glucose dissolves = 1 mol • 1 mol NaCl dissolves = 2 mol • 1 mol Ca2Cl dissolves = 3 mol • Etc.

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