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Rockets and how they work

Rockets and how they work. By Jan-Erik Rønningen Norwegian Rocket Technology [ contact@rocketconsult.no ] [ www.rocketconsult.no ]. Version: 1.30 2008. Contents. Rocket history Rocket Principle Fundamental Rocket Elements The Solid Propellant Rocket The Liquid Propellant Rocket

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Rockets and how they work

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  1. Rockets and how they work By Jan-Erik Rønningen Norwegian Rocket Technology [ contact@rocketconsult.no ] [ www.rocketconsult.no ] Version: 1.30 2008

  2. Contents • Rocket history • Rocket Principle • Fundamental Rocket Elements • The Solid Propellant Rocket • The Liquid Propellant Rocket • The Hybrid Rocket Motor

  3. Rocket History 1 • The Chinese is claimed by many to be the inventor of the black powder (about 200 B.C) and thus the rockets • Newer findings indicate that it is India that should be honored instead • However, old Chinese documents describe long tradition in making various black powder charges for use in firecrackers and rockets mostly for frighten bad spirits during religious happenings and during various festivals and celebrations. • The Chinese also developed rockets and flame torches to be used in combat against their main enemy, the Mongols.

  4. Rocket History 2 • The Arabs learned the art of rocketry from the Mongols and the Europeans from the Arabs. • The Europeans developed the rocket technology further, i.e. between the 14th and 16th century: • A English munch named Roger Beacon improved the black powder prescription for use as rocket propellant, fire crackers and for use in canons. • A French man improved the hit accuracy of his artillery rockets by launching them from tubes. • An Italian (Fontana) experimented with rocket powered surface torpedoes which could ran into the cavalry or set ships on fire. One successfully did!!

  5. Rocket History 3 • The interest of the rocket as a weapon went into a hibernation during the 17th century, mainly because of the poor accuracy compare to the more accurate and destructive canon. Further improvements were necessary. • A new dawn of rocketry appeared during the 18th century and especially some hundred years after Sir Isacc Newton had published his famous three laws. • During the 19th and 20th century many men were to become well know: Ziolkowsky, Hermann Oberth, Robert H. Goddard, Eugen Sänger, Werner von Braun, Korolev and many more

  6. Sputnik I – World first artificial satellite launched 4. October 1957 Vostok 1 and Yuri A, Gagarin – First man in space 12. April 1961 Apollo 11 and Neil Armstrong – First man on the Moon 20. July 1969 Rocket History 4 • After the WWII the race for space between USA and former Soviet escalated and accelerated the development of rocket technology to what we know and use today.

  7. The Rocket Principle 1 Newtons 2. law: Newtons 3. law: force = opposite force

  8. The Rocket Principle 2 • A chemical rocket is a reaction device that brings with itself the oxygen needed for combustion and thus for generating thrust for positive propulsion

  9. Rocket Elements – Main Parts c i t e Vc Vt Ve F Convergent Divergent section section c : chamber i : entrance t : throat e : exit V: velocity

  10. Rocket Elements - Thrust Ambient Pressure Ambient Pressure Exit Pressure F Ambient Pressure

  11. Rocket Elements - Nozzle Flow Flow Flow

  12. Entrance Throat Exit Pe<Pa (over expansion) Pe=Pa (optimum expantion) Pe>Pa (under expansion) Rocket Elements - Nozzle Flow M~0 M=1 M>3 P=Pk Ph~0.5Pk Pe Subsonic Transonic Supersonic

  13. Rocket Elements - Nozzle Flow

  14. Rocket Elements - Total Impulse

  15. Static Firing a Rocket Motor NSR 30kN Hybrid Rocket Motor, 20s test

  16. Rocket Elements - Specific Impulse

  17. Thermal Insulation Motor Case Igniter Propellant Nozzle The Solid Propellant Rocket Construction:

  18. Solid Propellant Rocket

  19. The Solid Propellant Rocket Propellant Mixing: 300 gallon  approx. 1200kg of propellant

  20. The Solid Propellant Rocket Propellant Grain Geometry:

  21. Advanced Grain Burn Evolution

  22. The Solid Propellant Rocket Ariane 5 Solid Rocket Booster: DATA for one SRB Propellant: HTPB Propellant Mass: 237T (158 cars) Motor Mass: 273T (182 cars) Thrust: 5400kN (about 550T!!!!) Burn Time: 130s (2.16min) Mass Consumption: 1.82T/s TVC: +/-6deg vectorable nozzle

  23. The Liquid Propellant Rocket Constructions:

  24. The Liquid Propellant Rocket

  25. The Liquid Propellant Rocket

  26. The Liquid Propellant Rocket

  27. The Liquid Propellant Rocket

  28. Start/stop Valve and pressure regulator “Mixing” Zone Check Valve Liquid Valve Electronics Pressurized Nitrogen or Helium The Hybrid Rocket Injector Solid Grain Flow Valve and Regulator with control electronics Nozzle Combustion Chamber

  29. The Hybrid Rocket

  30. The Hybrid Rocket Combustion Principle – The Candle Light Gas (H, C) Liquid Air Air Paraffin Wax

  31. The Hybrid Rocket

  32. The Hybrid Rocket

  33. How is it to work as an “rocket scientist”?

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