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Diversité et créativité

Diversité et créativité. Séminaire MOSAIC Génération d’idées, créativité et innovation HEC Montréal Le 25 août 2014. Bernard Sinclair- Desgagné Chaire d’économie internationale et de gouvernance Service de l’enseignement des affaires internationales HEC Montréal.

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Diversité et créativité

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  1. Diversité et créativité Séminaire MOSAIC Génération d’idées, créativité et innovation HEC Montréal Le 25 août 2014 Bernard Sinclair-Desgagné Chaire d’économie internationale et de gouvernance Service de l’enseignement des affaires internationales HEC Montréal

  2. Outline of the presentation In praise of diversity But whatis (group) diversity? An axiomaticapproach With an application to team building On creativediversities …

  3. In praise of diversity “Strength lies in differences, not in similarities” ― Stephen R. Covey “If man is to survive, he will have learned to take a delight in the essential differences between men and between cultures. He will learn that differences in ideas and attitudes are a delight, part of life's exciting variety, not something to fear.” ― Gene Roddenberry “There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard. There are not more than five primary colours, yet in combinationthey produce more hues than can ever been seen.There are not more than five cardinal tastes, yet combinations ofthem yield more flavours than can ever be tasted.” ― Sun Tzu, The Art of War

  4. “Wide differences of opinion in matters of religious, political, and social belief must exist if conscience and intellect alike are not to be stunted, if there is to be room for healthy growth.” ― Theodore Roosevelt, The Man In The Arena: Speeches and Essays by Theodore Roosevelt “I would rather be governed by the first 2000 people in the Manhattan phone book than the entire faculty of Harvard.” ― William F. Buckley Jr. “Diversity may be the hardest thing for a society to live with, and perhaps the most dangerous thing for a society to be without. ” ― William Sloane Coffin Jr. “Civilization is the encouragement of differences.― Mahatma Gandhi

  5. Whatisgroupdiversity? An axiomaticapproach drawn from Solow, Polasky and Broadus, JEEM 1993, p. 60-68 Set of candidates: T = { s1 , … , sn } = X (in)  Y (out) A measure of “distance”: d(si , sj) For A  T : d(s,A) = minrA d(s,r) Axioms for a group diversity criterion : 1) Monotonicity: If A  A, then D(A) < D(A) 2) Twinning Property: D(A+s) = D(A) if and only if d(s,A) = 0 3) Regularity: D(A+s) is continuous and increasing in d(s,A) Possible elements of distance (Rowe 1994): a) personality (not immediately visible to others), b) internal dimensions (partially visible) such as gender, age, race, sexual orientation, and the like, c) external dimensions (communicable) such as religion, education, geographical location, life style and the like, d) organizational dimensions within the organizationssuch as management status, workexperiences, seniority, work content, etc.

  6. The preservation criterion: One objective in team building might be ‘maximize diversity’ while selecting a group that is as representative as possible of the current population. Under this goal, the elimination of ‘marginal’ candidates would be counted as a smaller loss. DP(X) = - Σs  Xd(s,Y)

  7. The pure diversity criterion: The objective of team building might also be to ‘maximize diversity’ while having a group that exhibits as much heterogeneity as possible. Because similar candidates are separated by a smaller distance, they are often partially redundant and the selection of both is only slightly better than the selection of either. DD(X) = maxr X (DD(X-r) + d(r,X-r))

  8. A team building example Here, d(s1,s2) = a and d(s1,s3) = a+b Compare X1 = {s1 , s3} with X2 = {s1 , s4} We have: DP(X1) = -2b > -3b = DP(X2) DD(X1) = a+b< a+2b = DD(X2) Hence, each measure/criterion can lead to the selection of very different teams! s1 ● s2 ● s3 ● s4 ● a b b

  9. On creativediversitiesCoping with differently-diverse creative groups How many ideas does the group generate (in a given time period)? Are these ideas any good? Proposition: Say λP < λD(sousing the pure diversitycriterionyieldsmore ideas on averagethanusing the preservation one) and FD has largermean(whichisnow the best scenario for the pure diversitycriterion) butalso variance than FP. A risk-averse decisionmakermightstillpreferusing the preservationcriterion. A Poisson process? Pr(k ideas) = e-λλk k! Outcomes q are randomly distributed according to a distribution F(q).

  10. Conclusion Diversity is not the same when referring to a group versus referring to differences in individual characteristics. Given there is no consensual criterion for group diversity, one should try to be clear about the specific diversity criterion she/he is using when selecting the members of a group. Using different criteria can lead to very different groups, hence different creativity performances. What is the most appropriate criterion depends on the organization’s capability to handle diversity and on the decision maker’s attitude towards risk and uncertainty.

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