The Noun Имя с уществительное

1. The NounИмя существительное Compiled by English teacher of secondary school №1 Galina IgorevnaRudnik Novomoskovsk 2008

2. Formation of Nouns • Classification of Nouns • Proper Nouns • Gender of Nouns • The Category of Number • The Category of Case • Nouns as Attributes • Noun Phrases Contents

3. Common(Нарицательные) • Countable(Исчисляемые) • Concrete/Class(Конкретные ) • Collective(Собирательные) • Uncountable(Неисчисляемые) • Materials(Вещественные) • Abstract (Абстрактные) • Proper (Собственные) Classification of Nouns

4. Personal name(Личные имена, клички, прозвища, псевдонимы)Jack Brown, the Smiths, Mark Twain, Rex, Yankee; • Astronomic names (астрономические названия)the Moon, the Milky Way, the Earth, The Sun, the Great Bear; • Geographical names (Географические названия)London, Russia, the Atlantic Ocean, the United Kingdom; • Names of streets, squares, buildings, bridges etc. (названия улиц, площадей зданий, мостов и т.д.)Red Square, Komsomolskaya Street, Hyde Park, Waterloo Bridge; • Nationalities and languages(национальность и название национального языка)the Russians, Russian language; • Names of ships, hotels, clubs etc.(названия кораблей, гостиниц, клубов и т.д.)“Titanic”, “Savoy” Hotel, “Manchester United”; • Names of newspapers, journals, magazines(названия газет и журналов)the Daily News, Moscow News; • Names of months and days of week(названия месяцев и дней недели)January, February, Sunday, Monday.

5. Gender of Nouns

6. Неодушевленные Neutral → it Exceptions: • The countries (when speaking about political and economical issues) and means of transport → she: England is rich in coal. She exports it to different countries. Titanic left the port. And she never came back. • Some things may be personified in works of art and may have a gender. The Moon, the Earth → she, the Sun →he. Gender of Nouns

7. Plurals are formed with ending –s except some special occasions: • the noun ends in –s, -ss, -x, -z, -sh, -ch, -tch, • the noun ends in -o • the noun ends in -f/-fe • the noun ends in -yproceeded by a consonant • nouns form the plural by changing the root vowel • two nouns which form the plural in –en • the plural form does not differ from the singular • the nouns are of Greek or Latin origin There are some peculiarities to remember Number 1

8. Number 2

9. The nouns ending in -o have a tricky spelling in the plural: • as a rule it is –es: a tomato → tomatoes; a Negro → Negroes; • but it ends in -s if • there is a vowel before o: radio → radios, kangaroo → kangaroos; • the noun ends in o in abbreviated form: kilo (kilogram) → kilos; photo (photograph) → photos • the noun is a musical term of Italian origin: piano → pianos; concerto → concertos Number 3 Remember!

10. Remember! • If the noun ends in -f/-fechange it into -ves: leaf → leaves; wolf → wolves; wife → wives; knife → knives; life → lives • But the nouns roof, chief, handkerchief, belief, safe do not change fforvein plural: roofs, chiefs, handkerchiefs, beliefs, safes • But scarf → scarfs/scarves; wharf → wharfs/wharves Number 4 Remember!

11. If the noun ends in yproceeded by a consonant, y is changed into i+es: a city → cities; an army → armies; a lady → ladies; a fly→ flies. • But in proper names there is no change: Mary→ Marys • If the noun ends in yproceeded by a vowel, y is not changed: boy ─boys Number 5 Remember!

12. Remember! • There are seven nouns which form the plural by changing the root vowel: Man/men; woman/women; foot/feet; tooth/teeth; goose/geese; mouse/mice; louse/lice. • There are two nouns which form the plural in –en: ox/oxen; child/children • In some nouns the plural form does not differ from the singular: deer, sheep, swine, fish, trout, dozen, score, aircraft, salmon, works, means Number 6 (Some peculiarities)

13. Remember! • Some words borrowed from Latin or Greek keep their origin plural forms: • cactus/cacti;radius/radii; gladiolus/gladioli; focus/foci; stimulus/stimuli; apparatus/apparata; • analysis/analyses; axis/axes; crisis/crises; thesis/theses; • antenna/antennae; formula/formulae; media/media; • aquarium/aquaria; millennium/millennia; spectrum/spectra; datum/data; memorandum/memoranda • criterion/criteria; phenomenon/phenomena • index/indeces Number 7 (Some peculiarities)

14. In compound nouns the plural is formed in different ways: • adding –s to the head-word (main word): editors-in-chief, brothers-in-law, passers-by • adding –s to the final word (main word): lady-birds, hotel-keepers, housewives, postmen • If the compound begins with the words man/woman both words are plural: men-servants, women-doctors • If there is no noun-stem in the compound –s is added to the last element: forget-me-nots, merry-go-rounds Compound Nouns Number 8 back

15. Remember! • The nouns which are used only in the plural in English whereas they are singular in Russian: Wages, contents, clothes, arms, stairs, riches, goods, potatoes (картофель), onions (лук), carrots (морковь), oats. But: a potato (one), a carrot, an onion. • These nouns are only singular in English while in Russian they are plural: Money, hair, cream, ink, vacation (But: We have four vacations a year.) Number 9 (Some peculiarities)

16. Remember! • These nouns are only singular in English while in Russian they can be both in plural and in singular: Advice, knowledge, progress, information, news • The names of some kinds of science end in –s but they are singular: Physics, mathematics, politics, phonetics Number 10 (Some peculiarities)

17. Remember! • In English these nouns are used both in the singular and in the plural (in Russian they are only plural): sledge/sledges, gate/gates, watch/watches, clock/clocks • The names of objects which consist of several parts are used only in the plural (as in Russian): glasses, trousers, spectacles, scissors, scales, pyjamas, tongs, shorts. • The names of some games are used only in plural form billiards, draughts Number 11 (Some peculiarities)

18. Collective nouns are usually singular and are used with singular verbs, when they denote a thing as a whole. But sometimes a plural verb is used, when it denotes a number op people or elements: • The team is the best this year. • The team are coming tonight. Collective Nouns Number 12

19. Abstract noun are usually uncountable though some of them may be countable: idea ─ideas, hour ─ hours • Nouns of material are uncountable and are generally used in singular. But they are used in plural to denote different sorts of a given material: wine ─ wines; fruit ─ fruits; • Some abstract nouns can change their meaning and become concrete/class nouns. In this case they are used with the article and may be both plural and singular: beauty ─ a beauty ─ beauties sight ─ a sight ─ sights ice-cream ─ an ice-cream ─ ice-creams Abstract and Material Nouns number 13

20. Possessive noun is an attribute to the next noun: the manager’s signature • However the noun in common case can be an attribute to other noun. In this case it should be translated either as an adjective or as a noun in oblique case: • an iron bridge железный мост • a cane sugar тростниковый сахар • sugarcane сахарный тростник • the cotton marker рынок хлопка • tin trade торговля оловом • a payment agreement соглашение о платежах A Noun as an Attribute

21. Во многих случаях существительному предшествует не одно, а два или более существительных в роли определения При переводе на русский язык одни определения могут переводиться прилагательными. А другие – существительными в одном из косвенных падежей: home market pricesценывнутреннего рынка meat price decrease уменьшение цены на мясо cotton yarn production цифры производства хлопчатобумажной ткани Существительное с предшествующим числительным, служащее определением, обычно стоит в форме единственного числа: the five-year plan пятилетний план a ten-year girl десятилетняя девочка a ten-pound noteбанкнота в десять фунтов A Noun as an Attribute back

22. Выражение падежных окончаний с помощью предлогов Noun Phrases see also