Modern Georgia

1. Modern Georgia SS8H10, SS8H11, & SS8H12

2. SS8H10 The student will evaluate key post-World War II developments of Georgia from 1945 to 1970. a. Analyze the impact of the transformation of agriculture on Georgia’s growth. b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. c. Discuss the impact of Ellis Arnall.

3. a. Analyze the impact of the transformation of agriculture on Georgia’s growth. • After WWII, agriculture was no longer dominant… people moved away from farms to work in wartime industries. • Synthetic fabrics such as rayon and nylon were introduced which lowered the demand for cotton.

4. a. Analyze the impact of the transformation of agriculture on Georgia’s growth. • Trees and row crops such as peanuts, soybeans, and corn were planted in place of cotton. • Poultry became an important agriculture product. • Farmer machinery meant less farm employees were needed. • By 1970, 60% of Georgia’s population lived in cities.

5. What was the most important crop in Georgia before World War II? • Blueberries • Cotton • Peanuts • Soybeans

6. What led to the decline in the demand for cotton? • The demand for poultry • The introduction of farm machinery • The introduction of synthetic fabrics such as rayon and nylon • The increase in city population

7. After World War II, one of Georgia’s most important agricultural products was • Cattle • Goats • Poultry • Sheep

8. b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. • Mayor of Atlanta for 6 terms (1937-1941, 1942-1961… defeated by LeCraw who joined the military and was then re-elected in 1942) • Known for making Atlanta an aviation hub of the Southeast… Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport

9. b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. • Hartsfield also led the city in the area of Civil Rights. • In 1946 after the end of the white primaries, he organized a biracial coalition that included Dr. Martin Luther King in which African American leaders worked on voter registration drives. • 1948- hired 8 African American police officers for restricted duties. • 1958- asked the state to allow Atlantans to decided whether or not to keep integrated schools open. At the time, the state was refusing to fund integrated schools. The citizens supported keeping the public schools of Atlanta open.

10. b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. • In 1961, 9 African American students integrated four previously all-white high schools without incident. • In 1960, Dr. King organized sit-ins at Atlanta cafeterias. Within months, the local chamber of commerce joined Mayor Hartsfield and local African American leaders in ending lunch counter segregation.

11. Under the administration of William Hartsfield, racial moderation in Atlanta included the integration of • Aviation • Fire Department • Lunch Counters • Theaters

12. What was the issue for which William Hartsfield is best remembered? • Business • Education • Aviation • Tax reform

13. b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. • Mayor of Atlanta from 1962 to 1970 • Continued Hartsfield approach to peaceful integration. • On the day he took office, he ordered the removal of “colored” and “white” signs from entrances and exits to City Hall • Removed restrictions on African American policemen and the integration of the city’s fire department and government.

14. b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. • Allen worked to bring the Atlanta Braves to the city. He worked to build Atlanta Stadium for a team and then convinced the team to move from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. • He also helped to bring major league football and basketball teams to the city in the late 1960s.

15. Integrating city government and fire departmentsReducing restrictions on African Amerian police officersRemoving Colored and White Signs in Altanta’s City Hall • These accomplishments were implemented by which mayor • Ivan Allen • William Hartsfield • Sam Massell • Andrew Young

16. Who was the mayor of Atlanta responsible for bringing professional athletic teams to the city? • Ivan Allen • William Hartsfield • Maynard Jackson • Lester Maddox

17. b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. • Milwaukee Braves moved to Atlanta and played their first game in 1966. • That same year, the new Atlanta Falcons football team also began playing there. • Atlanta Hawks started in 1968 moving from St. Louis Missouri. • 1972-1980 Atlanta Flames… 1997 Thrashers • Atlanta Dream- Women’s basketball • Atlanta Silverbacks… men and women’s soccer

18. b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. • Sports have raised the prestige of the city and generated millions of dollars in revenue each year. • Hank Aaron hit homerun #715 on April 8, 1974 in Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium breaking the record of Babe Ruth… this record stood until 2007. • Braves won the World Series in 1995. Played in it in 1996 and 1999 losing both times to the New York Yankees. • Ted Turner has owned the Atlanta Braves, Hawks, and Thrashers… He also owned TBS which aired many of the games during the time of his ownership.

19. Why did Atlanta business and civic leaders of the 1960s decide to bring professional sports teams to Atlanta? • To boost the ratings of ESPN and other television sports shows • To give outstanding athletes opportunities to play sports • To improve Atlanta’s image as a major American city • To give the people something to do for entertainment

20. Which member of the Atlanta Braves broke Babe Ruth’s career homerun record? • Chipper Jones • Phil Niekro • John Smoltz • Hank Aaron

21. Which team brought a national championship win in Georgia professional sports? • Atlanta Hawks • Atlanta Braves • Atlanta Falcons • Atlanta Thrashers

22. c. Discuss the impact of Ellis Arnall. • Became governor in 1942… was the youngest governor in nation. • First governor to serve a four year term… could only serve 1 four year term consecutively… • constitutional amendment passed… before served two year terms

23. c. Discuss the impact of Ellis Arnall. • Corrected problems with university accreditation that happened during Eugene Talmadge’s term. • Removed Board of Regents so that it was no longer under control of governor’s office. • Terms of regents were staggered so that always had experienced members serving. • These actions led the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to restore accreditation to Georgia’s colleges and universities.

24. c. Discuss the impact of Ellis Arnall. • Removed prison system from governor’s control and established Board of Corrections and Board of Pardons and Parole. • Abolished poll tax • Best know for leading Georgia to be the first state in the nation to grant 18 year olds the right to vote… argued that 18 is old enough to fight in WWII and should be old enough to vote for their countries leadership. • Ran again for governor in 1966, but lost to Lester Maddox in the primary election.

25. The first governor to serve a four year term was • Lester Maddox • Ellis Arnall • Ted Turner • Ivan Allen

26. Which state agency was removed from control of the governor’s office under the administration of Ellis Arnall? • Department of Natural Resources • Department of Revenue • Board of Public Safety • Board of Regents

27. Who defeated Arnall in the primary election when he attempted to become governor again in 1966? • Carl Sanders • Lester Maddox • Ivan Allen • William Hartsfield

28. SS8H11 The student will evaluate the role of Georgia in the modern civil rights movement. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. b. Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox. c. Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia.

29. SS8H11 a-c: Modern GA and Civil Rights: Segregation and Civil Rights Verbs Nouns • Describe • Analyze • Discuss • Major developments in Civil Rights and GA’s role: • Herman Talmadge • Benjamin Mays • 1946 Governor’s Race/End of the White Primary • Brown v. Board of Ed. • Martin Luther King Jr. • 1956 State Flag • Role of GA in Civil Rights: • SNCC • Sibley Commission • Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to UGA • Albany Movement • March on Washington • Civil Rights Act • Maynard Jackson as Mayor of Atlanta • Lester Maddox • Impact of: • Andrew Young

30. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • Educator • President of Morehouse College • Chairman of Atlanta Board of Education • Mentor to Martin Luther King, Jr.

31. What office did Benjamin Mays hold? • State legislator • Mayor of Atlanta • Governor of Georgia • Atlanta Board of Education member

32. Benjamin Mays served as a mentor to • Maynard Jackson • Martin Luther King Jr. • Rosa Parks • Andrew Young

33. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed blacks the right to vote. The state legislature took this to apply to the general election only. • Only white Democrats could vote in primary elections starting after Reconstruction. • Because Republican and Independent candidates got little support from whites and rarely ran for office. Georgia was essentially a one-party state. • Candidates were selected during the primary and were the winners of the general election. • In 1946, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in King v. Chapman that the white primary system in Georgia was unconstitutional. • In 1946, black voters were able to take part in the primary election for the first time since reconstruction.

34. The purpose of the white primary was to • Help blacks get elected to statewide public office. • Keep blacks from having input into the party nominees. • Allow blacks to have more influence in the general election. • Promote voting by blacks in the early stages of the electoral process.

35. Under the white primary election system, only whites were allowed • To vote in primary elections • To vote in statewide elections • To belong to the Democratic party • To run for political office in Georgia

36. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • Three candidtates… Eugene Talmadge Eurith Rivers, and James Carmichael • Carmichael won popular vote • Talmadge won county unit vote and became Democratic candidate. • No Republican candidate. • Talmadge was older and in poor health. Advisors were afraid he would not live to serve his term and came up with a secret plan. • A few hundred supporters were selected to write in the name Herman Talmadge on the ballot. • Eugene Talmadge was Governor • Melvin Thompson was Lt. Governor

37. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • Eugene Talmadge died before being sworn in. • Legislature chose Herman Talmadge as governor. • Governor Arnall declared Lt. Governor Melvin Thompson was the successor. • Eugene Talmadge’s men broke into office and changed the locks. • Lt. Governor Thompson opened office in downtown Atlanta and began legal proceedings to become governor. • Georgia government was in chaos and the focus of national media. • Georgia Supreme Court finally ruled that Thompson was the rightful head of state until a special election could be held in 1948.

38. When Eugene Talmadge died in 1946 before taking office for his fourth term as governor, who became governor? • The previous governor remained governor. • Three people claimed to be governor. • Georgia’s lieutenant governor became governor. • The speaker of the General Assembly became governor.

39. The famous controversy surrounding the 1946 election for governor came about because • Two men got the same number of votes for governor • Herman Talmadge and Eugene Talmadge were on the same ballot • Eugene Talmadge died before taking office, and two men claimed the office. • Carmichael got more popular votes, and Talmadge got more county unit votes.

40. In the 1946 Democratic primary for governor, who received the largest popular vote? • Lester Maddox • James Carmichael • Eugene Talmadge • Herman Talmadge

41. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • Won the special election for governor in 1948 and was re-elected in 1950. • Segregationist • Opposed attempts to integrate GA’s public schools. • Promised voters he would bring back white primary

42. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • Started the first sales tax in Georgia • Was used to improve public school systems • Expanded schools to include grades 1-12 • Lengthened to the school year to 9 months. • Raised standards for buildings, equiptment, transportation, and school curriculum.

43. What factor enabled Herman Talmadge to be elected governor of Georgia in 1950? • His support for wealthy businessmen • His campaign style and popularity • His position on segregation and voting rights • His victory in the 1948 special election for governor

44. In what area did Herman Talmadge make his greatest contributions as governor? • Attracting new business • Voting rights • Tax reform • Education

45. Herman Talmadge’s 3% sales tax was passed primarily to fund • School improvements such as a lengthened school year • Georgia’s part in the Interstate Highway System • The purchase of Jekyll Island as a state park • The creation of county health departments

46. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • In 1950, seven-year-old Linda Brown, a black student, tried to enroll in an all-white school in Topeka, Kansas. • When entry was denied, the NAACP helped Brown’s father sue the Topeka Board of Education. • Brown v. Board of Education • In 1954, court ruled that separate-but-equal schools were unconstitutional. • 60 years of court approved segregation was overturned… many states were slow to carry out its orders.

47. What was the ruling in the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education? • Schools would be segregated and kept separate. • The separate but equal policy was unconstitutional • Black schools would get more money for books and teachers • Blacks could only attend white schools if there was space available

48. What earlier U.S. Supreme Court decision did the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education overturn? • Cummings v. Richmond County Board of Education • Dred Scott Case • Plessy v. Ferguson • Worchester v. Georgia

49. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • Attending Morehouse College • Became very interested in Mahatma Gandhi’s nonviolent approach to bring about social change. • Believed in a four step approach to gaining civil rights for all Americans • Direct and nonviolent actions • Legal remedies • Ballots • Economic boycotts

50. a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • He organized protests and boycotts. • He gave his “I Have a Dream” speech during the March on Washington • Earned numerous awards and recognition for his civil rights work. • Time’s 1963 Man of the Year • Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 • Assassinated on April 4, 1968