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The Idea of Samogitian Language (žemaičių kalba) in the 19th Century

The Idea of Samogitian Language (žemaičių kalba) in the 19th Century. Giedrius Subačius ( University of Illinois at Chicago ) Università di Pisa, Nov. 26, 2009. Written varieties: 18–19 th c. Eastern Highland dialect . Vilnius.

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The Idea of Samogitian Language (žemaičių kalba) in the 19th Century

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  1. TheIdeaofSamogitianLanguage (žemaičių kalba) inthe 19th Century Giedrius Subačius (University of Illinois at Chicago) Università di Pisa, Nov. 26, 2009

  2. Written varieties: 18–19th c. • Eastern Highland dialect. Vilnius • Western Lithuania. Lowland dialects • Central Highland dialect. Kėdainiai • Western Highland dialect. Königsberg

  3. Since mid-18th c.

  4. 1800–1831 1832–1863 1864–1885...

  5. 1800–1831: Dionizas POŠKA Simonas STANEVIČIUS Arnulfas GIEDRAITIS

  6. Poškas’sDictionary

  7. Poškas’sDictionary

  8. Kajetonas Nezabitauskis (and Dionizas Poška)

  9. Kaj. Nezabitauskisdigraf. ij or ji(like Poška) (South Lowland.): • Kjily ~ kielė • kurji ~ kurie • netolji~ netolie

  10. Simonas Stanevičius

  11. dina ~ dieną • kik ~ kiek • lipy ~ liepė • winas ~ vienas • witas~ vietas

  12. Bishop Arnulfas Giedraitis

  13. Highland New Testam. • Lowland features present: • gerans ~ geriąs • imans ~ imąs • iszduodans ~ išduodąs • miegans ~ miegąs • sakans ~ sakąs • dransiasnia ~ drąsesnia • dransumą ~ drąsumą

  14. 1832–1863: Jurgis PABRĖŽA Simonas DAUKANTAS Motiejus VALANČIUS

  15. Pabrėža’s Sermon

  16. Grammarof Kasakauskis

  17. GrammarofGross

  18. Simonas Daukantas

  19. Daukantas’s Grammar

  20. Daukantas’s Grammar

  21. Daukantas’s Primer

  22. Daukantas’s CulturalHistory

  23. Bishop Motiejus Valančius

  24. 1864–1885 (standard)

  25. Written varieties after 1864 • Western Lithuania. Lowland dialects • Central Highland dialect. Kėdainiai • Western Highland dialect. Königsberg

  26. Standard Lithuanian: Diedas šoka Standard English: An old man dances Cyrillic Lithuanian: Дедасъ шока ‘Cyrillic English’: Анъолдъ манъданцесъ Cyrillic letters

  27. Cyrillic for Lithuanian 1865–1904 Standard Lithuanian: Diedas šoka Standard Lithuanian : Diedas šoka STANDARD LITHUANIAN Cyrillic Lithuanian: Дедасъ шока

  28. Paradoxes • Paradox 1. The “Polish” letters were prohibited for Lithuanians but not for the Poles. • Paradox 2. The standard Lithuanian in Latin alphabet was formed in the period of drastic persecution of it. This probablydemonstrates the scale and impact of illegal press the best.

  29. Latin and Cyrillic alphabets • Green –Lithuania • Purple – Cyrillic alphabet • Yellow – Latin and other alphabets

  30. Ca. 60 Lithuanian books in Cyrillic • Short Catechism, Vilnius, 1865.

  31. Lev Tolstoj, In the Captivity of Caucasus, Vilnius, 1891. Holly history, Warsaw, 1896.

  32. Russian authorities also preferred to promote Russian Orthodoxy along with the Cyrillic letters. In Lith. Catechism of 1865 Catholic crossing was substituted by the Orthodox one. Example of Ideology: Substitution of Religion • In 1874 A. Lovtis rewrote it in Latin letters again and substituted to the Catholic one.

  33. Alphabets Yellow is Karaliaučius (Königsberg) region in East Prussia; there was Lith. literature printed and smuggled over the border. Red is the territory where the Cyrillic script prevailed.

  34. Statistics of Lith. publications1865-1904(periodicals not included) • 3,953 Latin or Gothic script based Lith. publications (2,687 in East Prussia; 712 in the US.) • 60 Lith. publications in Cyrillic. • Thus, in 40 years there were published approximately 66 times more of Lith. publications in Latin or Gothic script than in Cyrillic.

  35. Grammar • Jonas Jablonskis published a Grammar of Lithuanian in 1901. It became a symbolical codifying book for Lithuanian.

  36. Dictionary www.lkz.lt • For 100 years Lithuanians prepared and published the biggest dictionary they ever had – a comprehensive dictionary of Lithuanian in 20 volumes. It was finished in 2002 in the Research Institute of Lithuanian in Vilnius. Since 2005 it is available online at www.lkz.lt

  37. Daliutė Ona Matulaitė

  38. “Book-carrier”, a sculpture byJ. Zikaras, 1928 J. Zikaras 1881–1944 • Sculpture is located in Kaunas, the second largest city of Lithuania.

  39. Envelopes Lithuanian envelopes of 1996 to honor Jurgis Bielinis, the most famous book-carrier. J.Zikaras sculpture is depicted.

  40. Computer game with the book-carriers, 2004

  41. “The Book-Carrier Grove” In 1990 the “Book-Carrier Grove” was planted in South-West Lithuania. There are 144 oaks at present, 115 of them carry a name of a book-carrier. “The Book-Carrier Grove” in 1990.

  42. “The Book-Carrier Wall” • “Book-Carrier Wall” was erected in 1940. Destroyed in 1950 by Soviets. Then in 1997 it was rebuilt again. • 100 most important Lithuanian book-carrier names are listed there in three huge honorable tables. “The Book-Carrier Wall” with a group of bibliophiles.

  43. “The Book-Carrier Wall” in 1943

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