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Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis. sugar. sugar. sugar. sugar. N base. N base. N base. N base. phosphate. phosphate. phosphate. phosphate. Nucleotide chains. Nucleic acids __________________________________________________________ DNA double-sided double helix ______________ RNA single-sided

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis

  2. sugar sugar sugar sugar N base N base N base N base phosphate phosphate phosphate phosphate Nucleotide chains • Nucleic acids • __________________________________________________________ • DNA • double-sided • double helix • ______________ • RNA • single-sided • ______________

  3. O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N C1 C4 C3 C2 RNA Nucleotide

  4. 3 differences from DNA • Single strand instead of double strand • __________________________ • __________________________

  5. Types of RNA • ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  6. Types of RNA Ribosome • _______________________________________________________________ Ribosomal RNA

  7. tRNA (transfer RNA) • Cross-like shape • At one end _________________ ____________________________ • At the other end ____________ ____________________________ • Acts like a truck (carrying amino acids)

  8. 1d. Know the central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information from transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

  9. aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa From gene to protein

  10. Transcription - _______________________________________________ Translation - _________________________________________________

  11. Transcription From __________________________ To __________________________

  12. TRANSCRIPTION • Occurs in the ___________________. • DNA is copied into mRNA with the aid of an _________________ ________________________ Transcription

  13. mRNA (messenger) • Copies genetic code of DNA by ________________________. • DNA info then get passed down to mRNA (_________________________)

  14. Codons (on mRNA) • A three letter “word” that _______________________________.

  15. _______________ A segment of DNA in eukaryotes that codes for a ____________________ _______________ A segment of DNA that ___________________________ Exons and Introns DNA

  16. Eukaryotic RNA Editing Exon Intron DNA • The introns are _______________________. • The exons are _________ _______________________ _______________________. Pre-mRNA mRNA Cap Tail

  17. 4a. Know the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA.

  18. Translation From __________________________ To __________________________

  19. During protein construction, _____________ _________________ transfers each _______________ to the ____________________. • Transfer RNA (tRNA)- collects __________________ __________________________ • _______________________-a sequence of 3 bases that are _____________________ _________________________ _________________________

  20. Amino Acids • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ • At least one kind of tRNA is present for each of the 20 amino acids used in protein synthesis. AGU

  21. Protein Synthesis • _______________ = reading the mRNA info to form _____ _________________ _________________. • Occurs on _______

  22. Translation • The ribosome binds _____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. Lysine Phenylalanine tRNA Methionine Ribosome mRNA Start codon

  23. Lysine • Continued Protein Synthesis tRNA Translation direction mRNA Ribosome

  24. The process continues until the _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________. Polypeptide Ribosome tRNA mRNA

  25. 4b. Know to apply the genetic coding rules to predict the sequence of amino acids from a sequence of codons in RNA.

  26. Genetic code • The genetic codes build all the proteins in our body using 20 different amino acids. • How many 3 letter words can you make from the letters A,T,G and C? • Answer: ____________

  27. Make mRNA • DNA sequence TAC TTT TTG TTC CAT ATC • mRNA sequence ___________________________

  28. The Genetic Code

  29. Make Protein • mRNA sequence AUG AAA AAC AAG GUA UAG • Amino Acid sequence ____________________________

  30. Central Dogma DNA AGT CCA GCT ________ _____________ mRNA ________________ ________ tRNA AGU CCA GCU ___________ ____________ Amino Acid ________________ ____________ Chain

  31. 4e. Know proteins can differ from one another in the number & sequence of amino acids.

  32. Mutation • A mistake in DNA replication is called a _____________________. • ________: An agent, such as a chemical, ultraviolet light, or a radioactive element, that can induce or increase the frequency of mutation in an organism.

  33. Mutations • Some mutations can: • Have little to no effect • _______________________ (produce organisms that are better suited to their environments) • Be deleterious (harmful)

  34. Point mutation leads to Sickle cell anemia What kind of mutation?

  35. Sickle cell anemia • Primarily _________________ • recessive inheritance pattern • strikes 1 out of 400 African Americans

  36. Mutations • Can be either ___________________________________ mutations. • Point mutations = a change in a ________________________ in a sequence of DNA.

  37. Mutations • Types of mutations • _______________________________: the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is __________ _________________, so that every codon beyond the point of insertion or deletion is read incorrectly during translation. OUR BIG DOG BIT THE MAN OBU RBI GDO GBI TTH EMA N ORB IGD OGB ITT HEM AN

  38. Frameshift Mutation • ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

  39. Mutations • Types of mutations • ______________________: an entire section of DNA is reversed. • Ex. hemophilia, ______________________

  40. Chromosomal mutations

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