Kinship and Family

1. Kinship and Family

2. HISTORY AFFECTS PRESENT DAYKINSHIP AFFECTS: MARRIAGE RESIDENCE (WHERE LIVE AFTER MARRIAGE) GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR ETHNIC GROUP IDENTIFICATION FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT

3. FAMILIES KINDS OF FAMILIES HOUSEHOLDS (WHO LIVES TOGETHER) FOOD PRODUCTION STATUS OF WOMEN MORAL GUIDANCE

4. . • Birth “blood” = consanguine (consanguineal) • Marriage = affine (affinal)

5. Types of descent • 1. Patrilineal (many African groups, Chinese, Semitic groups, some American Indian, etc.) • 2. Matrilineal (some African, some American Indian, etc.)

6. KINSHIP TYPES continued • 3. Bilateral (European, North American, Civilization of the Bow, etc.)--means two sides • 4. Bilineal or duolineal (some groups such as Hausa)--means two lineages

7. Bilateral: “two sides”we have this • Four grandparents • FF, FM, MM, MF

8. Bilateral Kinship • Each side--equally important, but exceptions • famous, geography, special feelings • demography, etc. • Shallow--only 2-3 generations • Patrinomy--takes father’s name

9. Unilineal: One line is selected • Different from our bilateral kinship • Determines matters of inheritence, identity, marriage mates • Usually either patrilineal or matrilineal

10. Patrilineal are about 80% of unilineal societies • Matrilineal are about 20% of unilineal societies

11. Patrilineal • Civilization of the Spear, Forest, Cities, • Long geneaologies in one line • Other relatives are known and there are relationships

12. Matrilineal • Civilization of the Granaries, Forest, Cities • Long geneaologies in one line • Other relatives are known and there are relationships

13. Lineages • People related by birth and descent and are able to trace the relationships • You are always a member of your lineage, never change, even after marriage

14. Lineages form specific groups of people • Divides everyone in the society into discrete groups • People may reside together or near by

15. Lineages • We don’t have them, but we use the word colloquially

16. Clan • Two or more lineages that trace descent to a common (founding) ancestor • Usually do not reside altogether • We don’t have them, but we use the word colloquially

17. Clans • Some societies have a small number, • e.g., twelve • Others have many • they may break away (fusion)

18. Marriage • Relationship between two extended families, as well as between the man and woman • Arranged by family elders • Now, there is more choice in urban areas

19. Transfer of goods and property between the families

20. Bridewealth (bride price) • No one is purchased • Transfer of wealth (payment) from the groom’s side to the bride’s side to

21. Bridewealth • Compensate for bride’s labor • Legitimizes the marriage • Transfer rights in children • Strengthens the relationship between families and the marriage itself

22. High in Patrilineal societies • Low in Matrilineal societies

23. Forms of marriage • mono--gamy (most) • bi--gamy (illegal form) • poly--gamy (multiple spouses) • poly-gyny (more than one wife) • surrogate (barren woman; no sons) • ghost (died before leaving offspring)

24. Polygyny • Must treat all the same • Economic reasons--women in agriculture • Demographic reasons: higher male mortality?? • Wealth and prestige • post-partum taboo on sexual intercourse

25. Polygyny (* patrilineal only) • *Levirate (marry brother’s wife after his death) • *Preference for large families, male heirs

26. Genealogies triangle for man (on left) circle for woman (on right) square gender unknown (ego does not know it) • death line through the symbol • twins

27. Abbreviations • M, F • Z, B • D, S, • C • no grands (use MM or FF) • no nieces or nephews (use MBS. FZD)

28. All geneaologies start from a ego (color in) • ascending generations A1, A2, A3, ...An • descending generations D1, D2, D3, ...Dn

29. Genealogies • Descent lines “go down” • Marriage lines “go up”

30. Siblings, twins in birth order from left to right

31. Marriage line

32. Divorce--line through marriage line

33. Death while still married

34. First husband divorced and woman remarried • marriage and divorce are listed sequentially

35. Polygynous marriage

36. Married couple and children

37. “Rules” • All siblings belong to the same group • Same mother and same father offspring grouped together

38. Patrilineal Societies • Children belong to the father’s lineage • Brothers and sisters are members of their father’s lineage • Men in authority are Fathers

39. Matrilineal Societies • Children belong to the mother’s lineage • Brothers and sisters are members of their mother’s lineage • Men in authority are Mother’s Brothers (MB), not husbands or fathers

40. Unilineal type and Children • Patrilineal Matrilineal • man kids are yours • woman kids are yours

41. Unilineal groups--like a corporation • Exist through time • Patrilineal societies-- men reside in same area

42. Who’s in the patrilineage?

43. Who’s in the Matrilineage?

44. Family types • Nuclear • Extended (many types)

45. Households: affected by the life-cycle • Just married • Family with kids • Female-headed • Children grown up • Widow or widower

46. Households • Larger ones have more resources • Pawning and fostering • Servants and apprentices, • Clients

47. Non-kinship groups • Age grades, age sets • separates parents and kids • membership other than from the family • Some societies only • Method of social organization

48. Most societies are collectivist • Group survival • Sharing tasks

49. Stateless or non-centralized • Broad and diffuse authority • Polity: legal zone, jural community • Heads of households solve disputes • Domestic units • Lineages • Cross-cutting links such as age sets

50. State or Centralized • Chieftancy • Recruitment to office based on lineage principle • Disputes settled by hierarchical system • Can be multi-ethnic