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chapter 8. Alkyl Halides & Radical Rx’s. Structure Nomenclature Physical Properties Halogenation of Alkanes Mechanism of Halogenation Allylic Halogenation Examples Radical addition. Note the Chapter Summary and Key Rx’s. ss18 12. Chapter 8 . Chapter 7 . synthesis. synthesis.
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chapter 8 Alkyl Halides & Radical Rx’s Structure Nomenclature Physical Properties Halogenation of Alkanes Mechanism of Halogenation Allylic Halogenation Examples Radical addition Note the Chapter Summary and Key Rx’s ss18 12
Chapter 8 Chapter 7 synthesis synthesis free radical substitution mechanism allylic benzylic Hammond radical addition
haloalkene sp2 (a vinyl halide) 8.1 Structure of ‘R-X’ haloalkane R-X H3C-Cl haloarene sp3 (alkyl halide) sp2 (aryl halide)
Haloalkane (alkyl halide) sp3 R " R-X H3C-Cl methyl chloride 3o halide R ' R C X H R ' 2o halide R C H X 1o halide R C H X 8.1 Structure of ‘R-X’
8.2 Nomenclature IUPAC - halides (X) are substituents Substituent names: halo fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo #-haloalkane #-halocycloalkane (R)-4-bromo-1-chloro-4-fluoro-1-cyclopentene structure ?
8.3 Physical Properties H C 3 ) B r H C 3 “polar covalent bond” - dipole - mismatch of electronegativity -size H C
8.4 Halogenation of Alkanes substitution of X for H hv = ultraviolet light, = heat X2 = Cl2, Br2 seldom F2 (too reactive - exothermic) or I2 (endothermic, unreactive)
hv Cl2 hv Cl2 hv Cl2 Substitution, products and by-products + other R-X’s
Br + Br2 + HBr + other Br's Generally halogenation not useful - mixtures (separate) A few rx’s are useful, e.g.: Others - allylic & benzylic
+ HBr + diBr + etc + HBr + diBr +... (92) (8) + HBr + diBr +... bromination favors 3o > 2o > 1o Substitution, products and by-products monobromination
and/or and/or initiation propagation terminations
> > Regioselective for 3o > 2o > 1o C-H (92) (8) (57) (43)
Order of stability of R(+) / R. same order
3o2o1o Br2 1600 80 1 Cl2 5 41 Selectivity 3o > 2o > 1o, but Cl and Br are different major mono-X product Cl. more reactive less selective than Br.
Hammond’s Postulate: the structure of the transition state: for an exothermic reaction looks more like the reactants of that step Hammond’s Postulate Cl vs Br • - for an endothermic reaction looks more like the products of that step
In halogenation of an alkane, the rate-limiting step is hydrogen abstraction this step is endothermic for bromination and exothermic for chlorination. H° (kcalmol) Hammond’s Postulate
transition state resembles the alkane and chlorine atom little radical character on carbon in t.s. regioselectivity only slightly influenced by radical stability Hammond’s Postulate Forchlorination (hydrogen abstraction is exothermic):
early t.s. - like SM PE site of collision important SMprog rx Prod late t.s. PE stability of R. important SM prog rx Prod Hammond
Halogenation (free radical substitution)
initially with progress rx H-Br
allylic benzylic Free Radical Stability
Markovnikov “normal” Radical ADDITION - note rx conditions!!! Add H-X in the presence of peroxides reverses normal addition “anti-Markovnikov”
Radical ADDITION - note rx conditions!!! Add H-X in the presence of peroxides reverses normal addition “anti-Markovnikov” X = Cl, Br, I end