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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration. Chapter 9. 9.1 – Energy in Living Systems. Chemical Energy Metabolism & the Carbon Cycle Transferring Energy. 9.1 What You’ll Learn…. What type of energy is used in cells, & what is the ultimate source of this energy?

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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

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  1. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Chapter 9

  2. 9.1 – Energy in Living Systems • Chemical Energy • Metabolism & the Carbon Cycle • Transferring Energy

  3. 9.1 What You’ll Learn… • What type of energy is used in cells, & what is the ultimate source of this energy? • How is an organism’s metabolism related to the carbon cycle? • How is energy released in a cell?

  4. 9.1 Why It Matters? • Plants convert sunlight into chemical energy. • This chemical energy can be used for biological processes in nearly all living things.

  5. Chemical Energy • Organisms use & store energy in the chemical bonds of organic compounds. • Almost all of the energy in organic compounds comes from the sun.

  6. Chemical Energy Photosynthesis • The process by which plants, algae, & bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, & water to produce carbohydrates & oxygen

  7. Metabolism & Carbon Cycle • Metabolism involves either using energy to build organic molecules or breaking down organic molecules in which energy is stored. • Organic molecules contain carbon. Therefore, an organism’s metabolism is part of Earth’s carbon cycle.

  8. Metabolism & Carbon Cycle • Photosynthesis • Cellular Respiration

  9. Transferring Energy • ATP

  10. Transferring Energy ATP Synthase • An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP

  11. Transferring Energy • Hydrogen Ion Pumps

  12. Transferring Energy Electron Transport Chain • A series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria & chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on 1 side of the membrane

  13. 9.1 Section Review • Identify the primary source of energy that flows through most living systems. • Explain how an organism’s metabolism is related to Earth’s carbon cycle. • Describe how energy is released from ATP.

  14. 9.1 Summary • Organisms use & store energy in the chemical bonds of organic compounds. • Metabolism involves either using energy to build organic molecules or breaking down organic molecules in which energy is stored. Therefore, an organism’s metabolism is part of Earth’s carbon cycle. • In cells, chemical energy is gradually released in a series of chemical reactions that are assisted by enzymes. • Photosynthesis • Cellular Respiration • Chlorophyll • ATP • ATP Synthase • Electron Transport Chain

  15. 9.2 – Photosynthesis • Harvesting Light Energy • 2 Electron Transport Chains • Producing Sugar • Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

  16. What You’ll Learn… • What is the role of pigments in photosynthesis? • What are the roles of the electron transport chains? • How do plants make sugars & store extra unused energy? • What are 3 environmental factors that affect photosynthesis?

  17. Harvesting Light Energy • Chloroplasts

  18. Harvesting Light Energy • Thylakoids • A membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis

  19. Harvesting Light Energy • Electromagnetic Radiation

  20. Harvesting Light Energy • Pigments • A substance that absorbs certain wavelengths (color) of light & commonly reflects all of the others.

  21. Harvesting Light Energy • Chlorophyll • A green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy to start photosynthesis.

  22. Harvesting Light Energy • Electron Carriers • NADPH

  23. 2 Electron Transport Chains • During photosynthesis, 1 electron transport chain provides energy to make ATP, while the other provides energy to make NADPH. http://go.hrw.com/resources/go_sc/interactOnline/hx/hxphr2_io.swf

  24. Producing ATP • Water Splitting • Hydrogen Ion Pump • ATP Synthase

  25. Producing NADPH • Reenergizing • Making NADPH

  26. Light Reactions • Producing ATP • 1. Water Splitting • 2. Hydrogen Ion Pump • 3. ATP Synthase • Producing NADPH • 4. Reenergizing • 5. Making NADPH

  27. Producing Sugar • In the final stage of photosynthesis, ATP & NADPH are used to produce energy-storing sugar molecules from the carbon in carbon dioxide http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070960526/student_view0/chapter5/animation_quiz_1.html

  28. The Calvin Cycle • 1. Carbon Fixation • CO2 added • 2. Transferring Energy • 3. Making Sugar • 4. Recycling

  29. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis • Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, & temperature are 3 environmental factors that affect photosynthesis.

  30. Section Review • Summarize how autotrophs capture the energy in sunlight. • Compare the roles of water molecules & H+ ions in electron transport chains. • Describe the role of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. • Name the 3 main environmental factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants.

  31. 9.3 – Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Aerobic Respiration • Fermentation

  32. What You’ll Learn… • How does glycolysis produce ATP? • How is ATP produced in aerobic respiration? • Why is fermentation important?

  33. Glycolysis • Anaerobic • Without Oxygen • Aerobic • With Oxygen

  34. Glycolysis • The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP. http://go.hrw.com/resources/go_sc/interactOnline/hx/hxphr3_io.swf

  35. Glycolysis • 1. Breaking Down Glucose • 2 ATP used • 2. NADH Production • From NAD+ (Electron Carrier) • 3. Pyruvate Production • 2 Pyruvates made • 4 ATP made

  36. Glycolysis • The breaking of a sugar molecule by glycolysis results in a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

  37. Aerobic Respiration Pt. 1 • Krebs Cycle • Products • 1 ATP • 3 NADH (Electron Carrier) • 1 FADH2 (Electron Carrier) http://go.hrw.com/resources/go_sc/interactOnline/hx/hxphr4_io.swf

  38. Aerobic Respiration Pt. 2 • Electron Transport Chain • Hydrogen Ion Pumping • ATP Synthase http://go.hrw.com/resources/go_sc/interactOnline/hx/hxphr5_io.swf

  39. Fermentation • Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue supplying a cell with ATP in anaerobic conditions.

  40. Fermentation • Lactic Acid Fermentation

  41. Fermentation • Alcoholic Fermentation

  42. Fermentation • Efficiency of Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Makes 2 ATP • Aerobic Respiration • Makes 34 ATP

  43. Section Review • List the products of glycolysis, & explain the role of each in both aerobic & anaerobic respiration. • Summarize the roles of the Krebs cycle & the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration. • Describe the role of fermentation in the second stage of cellular respiration.

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