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The Great War: From Neutrality to Total War (1914-1920)

Learn about the causes, alliances, and chain reactions of World War I, covering nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and global conflicts. Explore the shifting alliances, political leaders, and warfare tactics that defined this tumultuous period in U.S. history. Understand the U.S.'s transition from neutrality to active participation, including the impact of events like the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmermann Note. Discover the drastic changes brought about by this global conflict on the home front and the role played by all citizens in supporting the war effort.

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The Great War: From Neutrality to Total War (1914-1920)

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  1. U.S. HISTORY I CHAPTER 10 WORLD WAR I and Beyond (1914-1920)

  2. U.S. History I Chapter 10 Section 1 “From Neutrality to War” 3.1, 9.3, 9.4

  3. What Caused WWI? • 1. Nationalism/Competition • 2. Imperialism/Militarism • 3. Alliances • 4. Chain Reaction

  4. 1. NATIONALISM • 1900: Pan-German Movement • Germany & Austria’s idea to unite all German speaking countries • Pan-Slavic Movement • Russia’s plan to bring all Slavic speaking countries together * Bosnia: Slavic speaking; annexed by Austria

  5. 2. IMPERIALISM • Russia vs. Austria: Balkans (Bosnia) • Italy vs. Austria: Disputed borders • France vs. Germany: Alsace & Lorraine: Germany Lost to France in 1871 • Germany vs. Russia: German expansion Eastward • ***Bigger meant better!!

  6. RESULT OF RIVALRY: Militarism • Militarism: Glorification of Military • Huge military buildup • Conscription: Males of certain age “required” to serve in military • Eg. Russia: 8,000,000 troops • Germany: Well trained army • Britain: Strong Navy

  7. 1. Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Italy later joined the allies because of disputes with Austria. 2. Triple Entente France Russia Great Britain 3. ALLIANCES

  8. 1. June 28th 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Heir to Austrian Throne) murdered (Gavrillo Princip) -Austria blamed Serbia -Declared war on Serbia ¶ 2. Russia declared war on Austria/Germany 3. Germany declared war on Russia/France 4. Germany invaded France through Belgium 5. Great Britain declared war on Germany 4. CHAIN REACTION

  9. Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Later joined by… Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Allied Powers France Russia Great Britain 28 countries United States ITALY: later EARLY STAGES

  10. POLITICAL LEADERSALLIES • United States: Woodrow Wilson • Great Britain: David Lloyd George: (PM) • Italy: Vittorio Orlando • France: Georges Clemenceau • Russia: Czar Nicholas II • *Would eventually be ousted as Czar during the Russian Revolution • Vladimir I. Lenin would assume control

  11. POLITICAL LEADERSCENTRAL POWERS • GERMANY: KAISER WILHELM II • Austria/Hungary: Hapsburg Dynasty • Ottoman Empire: Sultan Mehmed V Resat *All three considered empires!

  12. “von”SCHLIEFFIN PLAN:1905 • Germany’s plan to win the war quickly on both the eastern and western fronts. • 1. Invade France Through Belgium • 2. Capture Paris • 3. Move resources to eastern front to invade Russia before Russian army is mobilized: • Would take Russia six weeks to mobilize army • Did not count on Great Britain entering the war!

  13. SCHLIEFFIN PLAN

  14. WARFARE IN THE WEST • Western Front: Fighting in France • GERMANY: Moved into France and pushed as far as the Marne River.(40Miles from Paris) • Oct. 1914: Germany Stopped and Pushed back into Belgium • Gen. Ferdinand Foch(France) • Ordered troops to “Dig-in”

  15. Deadly Technology Leads to a STALEMATE • Allied and German troops dig a series of trenches that stretch 400 miles. • North Sea to Switzerland FERDINAND FOCH>

  16. TRENCH WARFARE • Lasted 1914-1918

  17. Instruments of Death“Old Ideas vs. New Technology” • Machine Guns • Heavy Artillery • Poison Gas(Germany) • Tanks • Airplanes • U-Boats • Casualties: Number of Soldiers killed, wounded, or missing • ** Number Exploded

  18. U-BOAT DIAGRAM

  19. U.S. Neutrality • Woodrow Wilson wanted to remain neutral • American Opinions split on who to support • Expects U-Boats to warn civilian ships before sinking • Also, U-boats must rescue survivors • *German U-boats continue to attack U.S. Merchant ships without warning!

  20. Britain Blockaded Germany Contra-band: Goods used to fight a war German Submarines called “U-Boats” ruled the seas. 1915: Germany Declares War on British Isles Sinks 1,000 ships in one month!! Neutrality Gives Way to War

  21. Sinking of the Lusitania • May 7, 1915 • Lusitania sunk off coast of Ireland by a German U-Boat • Was a civilian ship • Sunk in 18 minutes • 1,198 killed: Most were women and children • 128 Americans killed!

  22. SUSSEX PLEDGE • Germany sinks the Sussex • It was a French passenger ship • Wilson was furious • Germany and the United States sign the Sussex Pledge • Germany agrees to warn merchant ships and save passengers • **Wilson re-elected on “neutrality” ticket

  23. THE ZIMMERMANN NOTE • Intercepted by British • Written by Arthur Zimmermann: German Ambassador to Mexico • “If Mexico would join Germany against the U.S., Then Germany promised to restore New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona to Mexico • *** Germany then proceeds to target American Merchant ships “Without Warning”

  24. “The Yankees are Coming!” • April 6, 1917: The United States declares war on Germany • Wilson: “This will be a war to end all wars.”

  25. U.S. History I Chapter 10 Section 2 “The Home Front” 3.1, 3.7, 3.9

  26. Commitment • Once the United States decided to commit to WWI, ALL citizens had to contribute • 1. Soldiers: Selective Service Act: Draft • Conscientious Objector: Moral beliefs forbids one to fight • 2. Money: Bernard Baruch: WIB • 3. Supplies: Conserve • 4. Public Opinion: George Creel: President • Committee on Public Information: “Educate” Public • 5. Loyalty: Espionage Act: “Treasonable” Newspaper Articles and Speeches Banned • *Schenck v. U.S.: Upheld against speech • *Abrams v. U.S.: Upheld against print

  27. RECRUITMENT POSTERS

  28. FINANCIAL POSTERS

  29. Anti-German Posters

  30. The Great Migration • Many African Americans Moved north for war industry jobs (Chicago…etc) • Many Mexican Immigrants enter the U.S. for war jobs (Los Angeles)

  31. U.S. History I Chapter 10 Section 3 “Wilson, War, and Peace” 3.1, 3.3, 3.4

  32. Convoy System • Troop transports that were traveling across the Atlantic Ocean would be surrounded and protected by American and British warships to ensure that they made it safely to Europe • 1917: Vladimir Lenin: Over threw Czar Nicholas II: Russia Surrendered

  33. American Troops Distinguish Themselves • John J. Pershing: American Commander • The U.S. impact on the war was almost immediate • U.S. troops broke the stalemate on the western front • U.S. troops push Germans through the Argonne Forest • Dense Natural Barriers

  34. The “Great War” Ends! • By Oct. 1918: The tide of the war had been turned and Germany wanted peace • Wilson offered “14 point” peace plan • November 11th, 1918 • Armistice signed • “The 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month” 1918 • *8,000,000 Soldiers killed

  35. Pictures of Destruction • Verdun Palace: Before and after

  36. Destruction… Continued • Esnes: French Village

  37. WILSON’S PEACE PLAN“Fourteen Points” Peace w/o Victory • 1. Ban Secret Treaties • 2. Guarantee Freedom of the Seas • 3. Remove International Tariff Barriers • 4. Reduce Armaments • 5. Adjust Colonial Claims (Respect Colonial Peoples) • 6. Territory Changes Based on Self-Determination • 7. Formation of a League of Nations • *Other Points Dealt with Border Adjustments and the freeing of captured territories • Henry Cabot Lodge: Did not support plan

  38. America Rejects Treaty • June 28, 1919: Treaty of Versailles • Germany… • 1. Lost Colonies (Alsace and Lorraine) • 2. Lost Coal Mines • 3. Forced to reduce army • 4. Navy crippled • 5. Germany had to pay $33 Billion in reparations • *Very Strict Terms* • “Irreconcilables”: Isolationists (did not like treaty) • Reservationists: Did not like wording in League of Nations Plan

  39. U.S. History I Chapter 10 Section 4 “Effects of the War” 3.1, 4.3, 9.3

  40. Influenza: 1918-1919: Unusually strong strain of flu hits the world: Began in Spain and was taken home by soldiers of WWI 550,000 Americans Killed by flu: 116,000 died in WWI! 50,000-100,000,000 People die world-wide! 15,000,000 killed during WWI! Flu “Pandemic” Grips the Nation

  41. Women and African Americans Confront New Realities • 1919: Chicago: Race Riots Erupt after a black man is drowned by whites • Women told to go back home • Inflation: Rise in cost of goods was high • U.S. in a Recession

  42. The Red Scare • Red = Color most commonly associated w/communism • Red Scare: Fear of Communism • Palmer Raids: Thousands of “suspected” communists and immigrants were rounded up and deported from U.S. • ACLU formed to “protect” civil liberties

  43. Nicola Sacco (Right) Bartolomeo Vanzetti Two Italian immigrants, and known anarchists who were convicted of murder and executed on weak evidence Many protested Sacco and Vanzetti Executed

  44. Americans Embrace Normalcy • Warren G. Harding: Elected President in 1920 and promised to return the country to “Normalcy” • 1920: U.S. most powerful and wealthy nation in the world • Creditor Nation: Other nations owed the U.S. more than it owed them • Americans adjust to role as the “Quiet Giant”

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