CHALLENGES TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

1. CHALLENGES TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT by D. Gréboval, FAO WTO Symposium on Trade and Sustainable Development. OCTOBER 2005

2. Status & Trends : selected indicators • Reported landings • State of stocks • Fleet size • Employment • Food • Trade

3. STATUS & TRENDS IN FISHERIES • High level of overexploitation (about 30% of main stocks; most others highly exploited) • Severe reduction in abundance of key species (fishing down the food chain) • Significant environmental degradation (mangrove, coral reefs, sea beds, etc.) • High level of overcapacity (fleet size down in number since the late 90’s but not necessarily so for fishing power)

4. STATUS & TRENDS IN FISHERIES • Increased competition for access to stocks (industrial vs. small scale commercial or small scale recreational; international competition for access to EEZs or High Sea) • High level of illegal, non reported and non regulated (IUU) fishing • Growth in international trade of fish, capital intensity and vertical concentration • Severe socio-economic impacts on industry, food security and poverty

5. World World excluding China 120 120 100 100 Aquaculture Aquaculture 80 80 Million tonnes Million tonnes 60 60 40 40 Capture Capture 20 20 0 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 Reported marine production

6. 60% Fully exploited 50% 40% “Under” exploited 30% 20% Overexploited 10% 0% 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Stocks trends: 1974-2003

7. 70 0.35 60 0.3 50 0.25 40 0.2 30 0.15 Growth rate Value (Billion US$) 20 0.1 10 0.05 0 0 -10 -0.05 -20 -0.1 1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 International trade Trade has been growing at a reducing rate

8. 35000 2500 30000 2000 25000 1500 20000 ? 1000 Fleet size 15000 New registrations 500 10000 5000 0 1945 1965 1985 2005 2025 2045 Fleet size: From past to future

9. Overfishing Overcapacity / fleet size Economic viability Subsidies Bycatch and discards Monitoring (MCS) Right-based systems Natural oscillations Fishmeal Statistics Capacity-building RFMOs Non-tariff barriers & trade Precautionary approach Extinction and FAO-CITES Capture-based aquaculture Labor standards Catch certification Ecolabelling Deep sea fisheries Stock recovery Biodiversity, ecosystem IUU Climate change Decentralization & co-management Ethics – Animal welfare 2. Selected issues “Classical” “New/Emerging”

10. 3. OVERALL CHALLENGEADAPTING TO CHANGE IN GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK From the old productivist paradigm: • not accounting effectively for limits to production • based on open access (even if often regulated) • complemented by basic conservation measures (stock/habitat protection). Toward a new management paradigm based on: • New policy framework: Code of Conduct for responsible Fisheries (1995) and related international instruments • effective access control and rights • industry participation and some form of co-management • effective integration of management and conservation measures.

11. CHALLENGES TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENTA. Undertake institutional reform • Review and systematically adapt laws, policies, institutions and decision making processes to the new policy framework (CCRF ++) • Adapt approaches and measures for effective access control (direct or indirect) • Adapt economic incentives & disincentives (subsidies, fiscal measures) • Address the issue of responsibilities, rights and co-management with stakeholder • Address the issue of multilevel governance

12. CHALLENGES TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENTB. Address related core issues • Define/redefine fisheries management units (ecosystems, fisheries, fleet segments, etc.) • Reduce fishing capacity when it exits; freeze capacity and reduce effort if the only workable solution in the short-medium term; • Research and adopt measure for reconstitution of major stocks affected by overexploitation • Address IUU issues as per the guidance provided by the IPOA and through the mainstreaming of fisheries management measures • Reconcile fisheries management and conservation: forcing the linkage so as to avoid the tendency to conserve while ‘letting go of management’

13. CHALLENGES TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENTC. Enhance international cooperation • Strengthen Regional Fisheries Management Organizations • Assist developing countries in organizing and developing the capacities required for fisheries management • Enhance cooperation for the implementation of key fisheries management instruments (CCRF, Fish Stock and Compliance Agreement, IPOAs on capacity and IUU, etc.) • Provide support to more appropriately address new issues at the global level (e.g. through coordinated research, global assessment, international expert reviews and global consultations)

14. CHALLENGES TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENTD. Account for the Social Response • Media Storming • Societal call for conservation (but not necessarily for fisheries management) • Consumer mobilisation • Court actions

15. 4. CONCLUSIONS • Many issues to be addressed • New demands to be expected from more active stakeholders • Main challenge is to not forget fundamental requirements for management and focus on developing an enabling environment for the implementation of existing instruments - as recommended by COFI 2005

16. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION WTO Symposium on Trade and Sustainable Development. OCTOBER 2005