Drill

1. Drill • Name a function of hair. • What are the three parts of a hair strand? • Name and describe the 5 types of medullary patterns of hair.

2. Chapter 3 The Study of Hair, Hair Analysis Identification of species through microscopy.

3. Chapter 3 The Study of Hair • identify the various parts of a hair • describe variations in the structure of the medulla, cortex, and cuticle • distinguish between human and nonhuman hair • determine if two examples of hair are likely to be from the same person • explain how hair can be used in a forensic investigation • calculate the medullary index for a hair

4. History of Hair Analysis • Alfred Swaine Taylor and Thomas Stevenson, in 1883, wrote a forensic science text that included a chapter on hair. • Victor Balthazard and Marcelle Lambert, in 1910, published a comprehensive study of hair. • Dr. Sydney Smith, in 1934, first used a comparison microscope to analysis hairs side by side. • Advances continue today with chemical tests, neutron activation analysis, and DNA analysis.

5. The Function and Structure of Hair • Hair on mammals helps to regulate body temperature, decrease friction, and protect against sunlight. • Hair consists of (a) a hair shaft produced by (b) a follicle embedded in the skin. • A hair has three layers (illustrated above): the inner medulla, the cortex, and the outer cuticle.

6. Review • Name a function of hair. • Name the three layers of hair. • What kind of analysis can be done with hair?

7. Types of Cuticle and CortexThe Outer 2 Layers The Cuticle is the outermost layer made of over-lapping scales that protect the inner layers of the hair. The Cortex is the thickest layer containing most of the pigment giving hair its color. • The distribution of pigment in the cortex varies from person to person. • Pigment, commonly, is denser nearer the cuticle.

8. Types of Medulla The medulla (the inner section) can be hollow or filled, absent, fragmented, continuous, doubled, pigmented, or un- pigmented.

9. Examination of the Medulla

10. Review • What is the purpose of a cuticle? • What in the cuticle can vary from person to person that gives a variety of hair color? • Name and describe two medullas.

11. Types of Hair • The cross section of a hair can be circular, triangular, irregular, or flattened influencing the curl of the hair. • The texture of a hair can be coarse or fine. • Different regions of the body on which hair can vary are (1) head, (2) eyebrows and lashes, (3) mustache and beard, (4) underarms, (5) overall body (auxiliary hair), and (6) pubic.

12. The Life Cycle of Hair Hair proceeds through 3 stages as it develops: • During the long anagen stage, hair actively grows. The cells around the follicle rapidly divide and deposit materials in the hair. • In the catagen stage, the hair grows and changes. • Hair is in the telogen stage when the follicle becomes dormant. During this stage, hairs easily can be lost.

13. Treated Hair Forensic investigators sometimes can link hair from a location with an individual. • Bleaching disturbs the scales on the cuticle and removes pigment leaving hair brittle and a yellowish color. • Dyeing colors the cuticle and the cortex of the hair shaft. Because of this and because hair grows daily, a person’s treated hairs will have specific char- acteristics in common with her or his lost hairs.

14. Review • Name three regions that hair can be from on humans. • Name and describe the three stages of hair growth. • What is unique about treated hair that can aid forensics investagators?

15. Racial Differences • Hair examiners have identified some physical characteristics that generally can be associated with broad, racial groups. • These characteristics, however, will not apply to all individuals in these groups. • In addition, at times, it will be impossible to assign specific hairs to any of these groups be-cause their characteristics are poorly defined or hard to measure.

16. Human Hairs • Racial Determination Negroid Mongoloid Caucasian

17. Hair Roots Pulled Forcibly Removed Shed

18. Animal Hair and Human Hair Core: the medulla -- Thickest layer: the cortex -- Outermost: the cuticle • Pigmentation in animal hair is denser toward the medulla. In Humans it tends to be denser toward the cuticle. Unlike human hair, animal hair abruptly can change colors in banded patterns. • The medullary index is different. In animals the medulla is much thicker than it is in humans.

19. Patterns in Animal Species Examination of Scale Pattern

20. Is it possible to tell the difference between human hair and animal hair? If YES explain. • How does a pulled root look different from a root that sheds?

21. Animal Hair and Human Hair Spinous Coronal Imbricate The outermost layer of the hair shaft (the cuticle), is typically different in animals and humans. • The cuticle scales in animals tend to resemble petals (spinous) or they give the appearance of a stack of crowns (coronal). • The cuticle scales in humans commonly are flattened and narrow (imbricate).

22. Tip of the Shaft Burned Cut Razored Split

23. Review • How does a cuticle differ between animals and humans? • Named and describe two types of hair shafts.

24. Collection of Hair Specimen

25. Using Hair in an Investigation • Macroscopic investigation can indicate length, color, and curliness. • Microscopic investigation can indicate fine detail in hair structure. • Phase contrast microscopy, for example, can show the presence of dye or other treatments. • Electron microscopes can provide more detail of the surface or interior of the sample. In the sample above, note the overlapping scales and the pigment granules in the cortex.

26. Testing for Substances in the Hair Shaft • Chemicals that the skin absorbs often can be detected by analysis of the hair shaft. • A forensic scientist can perform chemical tests for the presence of various substances. • The hair shaft can be examined in sections to establish a timeline for exposure to toxins. • Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) can determine concentrations of substances in the sample.

27. Testing the Hair Follicle Microscopic assessment of the follicle is performed first because it is cost effective and quick. • If a microscopic match is found, the follicle can be blood tested and perhaps show the blood type. • If a microscopic match is found, the follicle can be DNA analyzed to provide identification with a high degree of confidence.

28. Review • Name two types of investigations that can be done with hair and how are they different?

29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary • Hair consists of a (a) hair shaft produced by a (b) follicle embedded in the skin. • The shaft consists of an outer cuticle, a cortex, and an inner medulla. • Various hair treatments produce characteristic effects useful to forensic experts. • Some characteristics allow them to be grouped into general racial categories. • Forensic experts examine hair using chemicals, light, electrons, neutrons, and DNA sequencing.