Global Migrations and Demography Through Time

1. Migration and demography “I like to move it, move it!

2. Migrations and Demography Foundations: Changes • Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased the population. • Neolithic Revolution —most dramatic increase in population growth • Indo-Europeans migrated from Central Asian steppes • horses, chariots, iron, language • Bantu migration south and east in Africa • agriculture, fishing, herding, bananas in heavy forest areas • iron technology • language similarities

4. Migrations & Demography Change • Steppe dwellers —herders, meat, milk, traded or raided for grain, metal, textiles • Xiongnu—challenged Han, but many increasingly adapted to Chinese environment • Huns began aggressive westward migration from their homeland in Central Asia—attacked the Germans who attacked the Romans • Germanic tribes move from the East to edge of Roman Empire • adapted, joined army • Vandals all the way to Africa • Oceania—migrators arrived in Australia 60,000 years ago • The spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to the decline of some empires • Roman Empire • Chinese empires

6. Germanic Invasions

7. Migrations and Demography, Foundations: Continuities Hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas Migrations still occurred as a result of environmental issues Push and pull factors cause migrations

8. Migration and Demography - 600-1450: Change • Population growth in Europe and China • agricultural revolution with heavy plows • irrigation (China), organic fertilizers, fast ripening rice • horseshoes, draft animals, horse collars • expanded diet—veg., dairy, meat, peas and beans • Arabs – because of Islam - migrated from Arabian peninsula—also settled into existing agricultural communities • Chinese moved south and west during Tang dynasty • Vikings sailed to North Atlantic, down rivers of Russia (slave trade with Byzantines), into England and France raids began to taper off as Vikings Christianized and settled down • Cities, serving as centers of trade, government and public performance of religious rituals rebound as Middle Ages end. • Song dynasty cities over a million • European towns growing again

10. Migration and Demography - 600-1450: Change • 11th-15th century dominated by nomadic people —Turks and Mongols • Mongols built the largest empire in the world 1250-1350 • Turks move into Anatolia—moving towards the settled areas - Byzantine empire, and into Afghanistan, by 13th century into northwestern India—successful because military prowess • Trans-Saharan slave trade (Zanj Africans to Iraq to farm sugar) • Mexica, Chichimec, move into lake region of central Mexico—Toltecs and Aztecs • In the Pacific where islands were in close proximity there was exchange, but the more distant ones were isolated—but population growth in places like New Zealand and Hawaii • The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well established paths of trade and military conquest. • Plaguein 1300’s decline in population up to 50%

11. Demography 600-1450: Urban Areas • Multiple factors contributed to the declines of urban areas • Invasions, disease, decline of agricultural productivity, Little Ice Age • Other factors contributed to urban revival • The end of invasions • The availability of safe and reliable transport • The rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300 • Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population

13. Migration and Demography Continuities: 600 - 1450 ? English population,1250-1700 in millions Population continued to grow with increased & more stable food supply Nomadic invasions continued as nomads strove for control over territory Disease still played a major demographic role

14. Migration and Demography - 1450-1750: Change • Overseas migration • voluntary and involuntary • Europeans and Africans • An end to large migrations by nomadic groups • Death from disease in Americas, up to 90% mortality • Population doubling in “old world” due to Columbian exchange, even growing in Africa despite losses from slave trade • Demographic changes in Africa resulted from the slave trades – more females than males • Demographic changes in the Americas resulted in new ethnic and racial classifications. • Mestizo • Mulatto • Creole

16. Arrival of Europeans in Pacific • but few permanent settlements • natives in Guam died of smallpox with Spanish arrival • missionaries, merchants, and planters start arriving in Pacific • Chinese expand into Manchuria, Mongolia and Tibet during Qing • Ottoman expansion into Balkans, North Africa • Mughals—Islamic expansion into southern India, but few converts

17. Migration and Demography 1450 – 1750: Continuities • Urban centers continue to grow • Population increase (unevenly)due to better agricultural practices • Frequent epidemics keeps population growth in check during last half of time period • LARGE SCALE MIGRATIONS • Although nomadic groups are not moving on a large scale, forced African migration is the largest migration in world history (10 million at least) with an additional 2 million Europeans

18. A bit of burning in Renaissance Florence!

19. Migration and Demography - 1750-1900: Change • Irish migrate because of famine, Jews leave Poland in large numbers • Europeans to Settler Colonies like Algeria, South Africa, etc • African slave migrations end • Indentured servants from Asia, Pacific and Africa to subtropics for plantations, North America for railroad construction, guano mining in Peru • Quinine allows for Europeans to venture into tropical areas and settle • Improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in population. • Low life expectancy in cities due to poor sanitation (industrialization) • Demographic transition begins

20. Migration and Demography - 1750-1900: Continuities • Continued migration by Europeans to Americas • brought greater cultural, ethnic diversity • Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world • Improved food production (continued Columbian Exchange) contributed to a significant global rise in population. • Urbanization continues (driven by industrialization) • Slave migrations (mostly end by middle of time period) • Famines • India, China • Disease • New Zealand (75% of Maori died)

21. Migration - 1900 to present: Change • Mass tourism causes vacation-migration (Bentley) • Greater movement to cities, also movement to suburbs—75% live in cities in industrialized states • Genocides deplete selected populations • Jews migrate to Israel

22. Demography - 1900 to present: Change • + No major famines - world food supplies become dependable for the first time because of the ability to ship food without spoilage. • + Green Revolution increases life expectancy in places like India and Mexico • Leveling of population in industrialized world due to birth control • Negative growth in Western Europe • - Billions without sanitation or clean drinking water (urban misery) • - Population explosion in Asia—China, India and in Africa—average age under 15 • China one child policy • - AIDS posing a major problem in Africa especially the south, life expectancy under 40 years in some locations • - Population Bomb warns of population growth problems, world is declared full in 2012 by the New York Times.

23. Migration and Demography - 1900 to Present: Continuities • Economic and political push and pull factors continue to drive migration both internally and multi-nationally • Europeans across EU • Latinos & Asians to U.S. • Urbanization (up to 98% of some societies are urban, Singapore and other city-states are 100%, even China is 51% urban [2008 statistics]) • Demographic transition continues (population still growing) • Advances in medicine and science increase life expectancy