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Contemporary History of Russia

Explore Russia's tumultuous revolutionary period from the First Russian Revolution of 1905 to the October Revolution of 1917. Learn about pivotal events, social movements, and ideological shifts that shaped this transformative era in Russian history. Understand the causes, consequences, and the competing approaches to analyzing these revolutions. Delve into the periodization methods and the challenges of modernization faced by the empire at the time.

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Contemporary History of Russia

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  1. Contemporary History of Russia Lecture 3: Revolutions in Russia

  2. Periodization and approaches to the revolutions • First Russian Revolution 1905-1907 (prerequisites; causes; Russo-Japanese war; Bloody Sunday; Russian parliament system) • February Revolution 1917 (First World War; Petrograd events; Dual Power) • October 1917 (events; first decrees of the new power; state structure; Constituent Assembly fate) Issues:

  3. Periodization of revolutions • Milukov’s one: 1905-1907, February 1917-1922 • Stalin’s one: 1905-1907, February 1917, October 1917 • The problem of causes’ determining (Marxist approach, sociological, history of mentalities) Revolution

  4. PROBLEMS OF MODERNIZATION • The crisis of empire (the loss of confidence in the legitimacy of subjects) • Military setbacks (the Russian-Japanese War, World War I) • Psycho-emotional reasons (opposition own vs. alien, social processes’ simplifying) • The ideology and behavior of the masses Revolution causes

  5. Soldiers • Wokers’ struggle for civil rights • Peasants struggle for lands • Urban uprising • Women movements Revolution asa set of social movements

  6. Demostration. Petrograd, spring 1917.

  7. 1904-1905Russo-Japanese War • 23 AugustTreaty of Portsmouth FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1905–1907

  8. Georgy Gapon (1870-1906) • 9 January 1905 «Bloody Sunday» FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1905–1907

  9. May 12- June 1, 1905 General strike in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. The establishment of the first Soviet of Workers' Deputies • October 7, 1905 The All-Russian political strike • October 13, 1905 Saint-Petersburg Soviet establishment FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1905–1907

  10. Barricade in Moscow on Malaya Bronnaya Street in December 1905 Photo.

  11. Manifesto of October 17, 1905 • Manifesto of August 6, 1905 "On the establishment of the State Duma" Results: Parliament establishment (State Council, State Duma); Civil rights and liberties proclamation: • freedom of conscience, • freedom of speech, • freedom of assembly • freedom to form associations. FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1905–1907

  12. Legislature. Lower Chamber. • Elections: • indirect, unequal. Society is divided into 4 Curia unequal value of the vote.

  13. State Duma

  14. Backgrounds: • Military defeats • Political crisis («Government reshuffle») • Economical crisis (inflation,standard of life decline) February Revolution

  15. February 23 spontaneous rallies, caused with the delay of food supply. • February 25 escalating into a general political strike • February 26, mass arrests and the shooting the demonstrations • February 26 IV State Duma supports the proposal to Nicholas II to form a new government • February 27 rebel battalions changed side, the government agencies seizure. • March 2Nicholas II abdication • March 3, the Provisional Governmentestablishment February Revolution

  16. Provisional Government Soviets (Petrograd Soviet)Ca. 1429 The Esers and the menshevicks dominance Order № 1 March 1, 1917 Dual Power February Revolution

  17. Lenin’s April Theses • Governmental crisis • October 6, 1917 Central committee of RSDRP(b) supports armed coup • October 12, 1917 Military Revolutionary Committee establishment • October 24-25, 1917 Bolsheviks’ coup • October 25-27, 1917 IIAll-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies October 1917

  18. Decree on Peace • The Decree on Land • Decree on the Formation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Government on October 26 (November 8) • Decree on the full power of the Soviets of October 28 (November 10) First Decrees

  19. All-Russian Congress of Soviets - the supreme authority • All-Russian Central Executive Committee (101 member: 62 Bolsheviks, 29 – Esers of the left-wing, 6 – Menshiviks, 4- others ) • Council of People's Commissars - 15 New State System Establishment

  20. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk3 March 1918

  21. Elections to the Constituent Assembly took place in November-December 1917. • The Socialist-Revolutionaries - 40% • The Bolsheviks - 22.5% • The convocation was scheduled for November 28, 1917, CPC postponed to January 5, 1918. Constituent Assembly Fate

  22. On January 5, 1918, most of the delegates of the Constituent Assembly refused to support the Provisional Government of Workers and Peasants (CPC) and demanded the transfer of power to the Constituent Assembly Constituent Assembly Fate

  23. From 6 to 7 January 1918 the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the draft decree on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly Constituent Assembly Fate “The guard is tired” Zheleznikov

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