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Tissues

Tissues. Chapter 3: Part 2. Introduction to Tissues. Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Organs contain several tissue types. Arrangement of tissue determines the structure and ability of organs. http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/RITCHISO//tissues.gif.

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Tissues

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  1. Tissues Chapter 3: Part 2

  2. Introduction to Tissues • Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. • Organs contain several tissue types. • Arrangement of tissue determines the structure and ability of organs. http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/RITCHISO//tissues.gif

  3. Introduction to Tissues • Many Types of Tissues • Epithelial Tissue  Covering • Connective Tissue  Support • Muscle Tissue  Movement • Nervous Tissue  Control

  4. Epithelial Tissues • The lining, covering, and glandular tissues • General Functions: • Protection • Absorption • Filtration • Secretion

  5. Epithelial Tissues • Special Characteristics: • Fit closely together to form continuous sheets • Apical Surface- a free surface or edge that is exposed • Basement Membrane- lower surface • Avascular- no blood vessels • Regenerate easily when well nourished. Apical Surface http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/ehapplace/chapter3/deluxe.html Basement Membrane

  6. Classification of Epithelial Tissues • Relative Number of Cell Layers • Simple (One cell layer) • Stratified (More than one cell layer) • Description of Cell Shape • Squamous (Flat) • Cuboidal • Columnar

  7. Simple Squamous Epithelium • Found in the membranes for filtration or rapid diffusion • Air sacs in lungs • Walls of Capillaries • Serous Membranes (cover organs)

  8. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium • Found in: • Glands and their ducts • Walls of kidney tubules • Outer surface of ovaries

  9. Simple Columnar Epithelium • Goblet Cells • Mucous membranes • The entire length of the digestive tract

  10. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium • Some cells are shorter than others • Nuclei appear at different levels • Ciliated tissue lines most of the respiratory tract.

  11. Stratified Squamous Epithelium • Most Common • Areas subject to friction • Esophagus • Mouth • Epidermis

  12. Stratified Cuboidal/Columnar Epithelium • Very Rare in the Body • Ducts of large glands

  13. Transitional Epithelium • Able to stretch • Urinary bladder • Ureters • Part of urethra

  14. Cortisol Glandular Epithelium • Glands consist of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product • Secretions are proteins in an aqueous solution produced by a gland. Adrenaline http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Illu_adrenal_gland.jpg

  15. Glandular Tissue • Endocrine Glands • Lose connection to surface (ductless) • Secretions diffuse directly into the blood • Produce hormones • Thyroid • Adrenals • Pituitary http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c6/Illu_endocrine_system.jpg

  16. Glandular Tissue • Exocrine Glands • Secretions empty onto epithelial surface (ducts) • Sweat and oil glands • Liver and pancreas http://www.pg.com/science/skincare/Skin_tws_34/skin_34_02.jpg

  17. Connective Tissues • Found everywhere in the body. • The most abundant and widely distributed tissues • Functions • Binds body tissues together • Supports the body • Provides protection

  18. Characteristics of Connective Tissues • Variations in blood supply • Some tissues are well vascularized • Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular • Extracellular Matrix • The nonliving material that surrounds the cells • Two main elements • Ground Substance • Fibers

  19. Extracellular Matrix • Ground Substance • mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules • Fibers • Produced by the cell • Three Types: • Collagen fibers • Elastic fibers • Reticular fibers

  20. Osseous tissue Composed of: Bone cells in lacunae Hard matrix of calcium salts Large number of collagen fibers Used to protect and support the body Bone

  21. Osseous Tissue

  22. Most cartilage Composed of: Abundant collagen fibers Rubbery matrix The entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage Hyaline Cartilage

  23. Hyaline Cartilage

  24. Provides elasticity Example: Supports the external ear Elastic Cartilage http://dictionary.laborlawtalk.com/Earlobe_stretching

  25. Highly compressable Example: Forms cushion-like discs in between vertebrae Fibrocartilage

  26. Fibrocartilage

  27. Main matrix element is collagen fibers Cells are fibroblasts Examples: Tendon- attach muscle to bone Ligament- attach bone to bone Dense Connective Tissue

  28. Dense Connective Tissue

  29. Most widely distributed connective tissue Soft, pliable tissue Contains all fiber types Can soak up excess fluid Edema- when the tissue soaks up excess fluid, the area swells and becomes puffy Areolar Connective Tissue

  30. Areolar Tissue

  31. Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate Many cells contain large lipid deposits Functions: Insulates the body Protects some organs Serves as a site of fluid storage Adipose Tissue

  32. Adipose Tissue

  33. Delicate network of interwoven fibers Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Bone marrow Reticular Connective Tissue

  34. Reticular Tissue

  35. Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix Fibers are visible during clotting Functions as transport vehicle for materials Blood

  36. Blood

  37. Muscular Tissues • The purpose of muscle tissues is to produce movement. • Three types of muscle tissues • Skeletal • Cardiac • Smooth

  38. Can be controlled voluntarily Cells attach to connective tissue Cells are striated Cells have more than one nucleus Skeletal Muscle

  39. Skeletal Muscle

  40. Found only in the heart Function is to pump blood (involuntarily) Cells are attached together by intercalated disks Gap junctions allow ions o pass freely from cell to cell Cells are striated and have only one nucleus Cardiac Muscle

  41. Cardiac Muscle

  42. Also called visceral muscle Involuntary muscle Surrounds hollow organs Cells: Are spindle-shaped Have one nucleus Has no visible striations Smooth Muscle

  43. Smooth Muscle

  44. Neurons and the nerve support cells Functions to send impulses to other parts of the body Irritability Conductivity Supporting cells- insulate, support and protect the delicate neurons Nervous Tissues

  45. Nervous Tissue

  46. Nervous Tissue

  47. Tissue Repair • Regeneration • Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells • Fibrosis • Repair by dense connective tissue • Forms Scar Tissue • The type of tissue repair depends on: • The type of tissue injured • The severity of the injury

  48. The Events of Tissue Repair • The capillaries become very permeable • Allows clotting proteins into the region • Walls off the injured area to prevent bacteria from spreading to other areas • Granulation tissue forms • Pink tissue composed of capillaries • Surface Epithelium regenerates

  49. Tissue Repair • Tissues that regenerate easily • Epithelial tissue • Fibrous connective tissue and bone • Tissues that regenerate poorly • Skeletal muscle • Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue • Cardiac muscle • Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

  50. Developmental Aspects of Tissues • Life begins as a single cell • Cells undergo mitosis to product the multicellular body • Cells continue to divide through puberty • Cells that are exposed to friction must replace lost cells • Connective tissue continues to divide as it is involved in tissue repair • Muscle tissue ends cell division by the end of puberty • Nervous tissue is amiotic shortly after birth

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