Understanding Anxiety Disorders and Mood Disorders

1. ___1___ Disorder Symptoms Minute-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. Anxiety is a component of ___2___ . It occurs more in the ___3___ disorder, making people avoid situations that cause it.

2. ___1___ Marked by a persistent and ___2___ of an object or situation that ___3___ behavior.

3. Kinds of Phobias Agoraphobia Phobia of ___1___ . Acrophobia Phobia of ___2___ . Claustrophobia Phobia of ___3___ . Hemophobia Phobia of ___4___ .

4. ___1___ Persistence of unwanted thoughts (___2___ ) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (___3___ ) that cause distress.

5. ___1___ A ___1___ scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High ___2___ (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with ___3___ . Brain image of an OCD

6. ___1___ ___2___ weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): • ___3___ 2. ___4___ 3. ___5___ 4. Jumpy anxiety 5. ___6___ Bettmann/ Corbis

7. Resilience to PTSD Only about ___1___ of women and ___2___ of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD. Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situations. All major religions of the world suggest that surviving a trauma leads to the ___3___ of an individual.

8. Explaining Anxiety Disorders ___1___ suggested that we ___2___ our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, ___3___ .

9. The Learning Perspective Learning theorists suggest that ___1___ leads to anxiety. This anxiety then becomes associated with ___2___ (stimulus generalization) and is ___3___ . John Coletti/ Stock, Boston

10. The Learning Perspective Investigators believe that ___1___ are inculcated through ___2___ . Young monkeys develop fear when they ___3___ other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.

11. The Biological Perspective ___1___ has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species. Twin studies suggest that our ___2___ may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share ___3___ .

12. The Biological Perspective ___1___, ___2___ , and even ___3___ are linked with brain circuits like the ___4___ . S. Ursu, V.A. Stenger, M.K. Shear, M.R. Jones, & C.S. Carter (2003). Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 14, 347-353. Anterior Cingulate Cortex of an OCD patient.

13. ___1___ Conscious awareness becomes separated (___2___ ) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Symptoms • Having a sense of being ___3___ . 2. Being separated from ___4___ . 3. ___5___ as if in a movie.

14. ___1___ Emotional extremes of ___1___ come in two principal forms. • ___2___ • ___3___

15. Major Depressive Disorder Depression is the “___1___ ” of psychological disorders. In a year, ___2___ of men and ___3___ of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002).

16. Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last ___1___ and are not caused by ___2___ conditions. Signs include: • Lethargy and fatigue • Feelings of ___3___ • Loss of interest in ___4___ • Loss of interest in activities

17. Blue Mood Dysthymic Disorder Major Depressive Disorder ___1___ ___1___ lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by ___2___ lasting ___3___ .

18. ___1___ Formerly called ___2___ disorder. An alternation between ___3___ and ___4___ signals bipolar disorder. Depressive Symptoms Manic Symptoms Gloomy Elation Withdrawn Euphoria Inability to make decisions Desire for action Tired Hyperactive Slowness of thought Multiple ideas

19. Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway Bipolar Disorder Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase ___1___ surged, but not during their ___2___ . Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library The Granger Collection Bettmann/ Corbis

20. Explaining Mood Disorders Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it. Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory of depression should explain the following: • ___1___ • ___2___

21. Theory of Depression • Gender differences

22. Theory of Depression • Depressive episodes ___1___ . • Depression is ___2___ , especially in the ___3___ . Desiree Navarro/ Getty Images Post-partum depression

23. Suicide Statistics • National differences • Racial differences • Gender differences • Age differences • Other differences Suicide The most severe form of behavioral response to depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide.

24. Biological Perspective Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (___1___ ) than fraternal twins (__2__ ). Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. Jerry Irwin Photography

25. Neurotransmitters & Depression A reduction of ___1___ and ___2___ has been found in depression. Drugs that alleviate mania reduce ___3__. Pre-synaptic Neuron Serotonin Norepinephrine Post-synaptic Neuron

26. Social-Cognitive Perspective The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from ___1___ and ___2___ .

27. Depression Cycle • ___1___ events. • ___2___ explanatory style. • Hopeless depressed state. • These hamper the way the individual ___3___ , fueling personal rejection.

28. Example Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.

29. ___1___ If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the ___2___ . Nearly ___3___ suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002). Schizophrenia strikes ___4___ as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.

30. Symptoms of Schizophrenia The literal translation is “split mind.” A group of severe disorders characterized by the following: • ___1___. • ___2___. • ___3___.

31. Disorganized & Delusional Thinking Many psychologists believe disorganized thoughts occur because of ___1___ failure (___2___ thoughts).

32. Disturbed Perceptions A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (___1___ ). Frequently such hallucinations are ___2___ and lesser visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory. L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

33. Inappropriate Emotions & Actions A schizophrenic person may ___1___ at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all (___2___ ). Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain ___3___ for hours (___4___ ).

34. Positive and Negative Symptoms Schizophrenics have inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways) that are not present in normal individuals (___1___ ). Schizophrenics also have an absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy, expressionless faces, rigid bodies) that are present in normal individuals (___2___ ).

35. Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia When schizophrenia is ___1___ to develop (chronic/process) recovery is ___2___ . Such schizophrenics usually display negative symptoms. When schizophrenia rapidly develops (___3___) recovery is better. Such schizophrenics usually show positive symptoms.

36. Understanding Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disease of the ___1___ exhibited by the symptoms of the mind. Brain Abnormalities ___2___ : Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of ___3___ receptors in the brain.

37. Abnormal Brain Morphology Schizophrenia patients may exhibit ___1___ changes in the brain like ___2___ of ___3___. Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC

38. 0 10 20 30 40 50 Identical Both parents Fraternal One parent Sibling Nephew or niece Unrelated Genetic Factors The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is ___1___ if their ___2___ has the disease (Gottesman, 1991).

39. Warning Signs Early warning signs of schizophrenia include: 1. A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia. 2. Birth complications, ___1___ and ___2___ . 3. ___3___ and poor muscle coordination. 4. Disruptive and withdrawn behavior. 5. Emotional unpredictability. 6. ___4___.

40. Personality Disorders Personality disorders are characterized by ___1___ and enduring behavior patterns that impair ___2___ . They are usually without ___3___ .

41. ___1___ Disorder A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of ___2___ for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a ___3___ .

42. Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the ___1___ . In a follow-up study repeat offenders had ___2___ less frontal lobe activity compared to normals (Raine et al., 1999; 2000). Courtesy of Adrian Raine, University of Southern California Normal Murderer

43. Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder The likelihood that one will commit a crime ___1___ when childhood poverty is compounded with ___2___ (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).

44. Obstetrical Complications • Signs of asphyxia at birth (Apgar score <7) • the need for the child to remain in hospital • low birth weight (<2,500 g) • delay in gaining weight after birth, were all associated with significantly increased risk of schizophrenia.

45. Rates of Psychological Disorders