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Protecting Privacy with Cryptography

Learn about the importance of privacy in the digital age and how cryptography can protect your personal information from unauthorized access and misuse.

patriciaperez
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Protecting Privacy with Cryptography

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  1. CITA 165 Section 7 Security and Society, Privacy, and Ethics

  2. Credibility of Information • Plagiarism • Fair use • Creative Commons

  3. Manage Your Online Presence • Netiquette • Keep messages short • Avoid sarcasm • Proofread messages • Avoid all caps • Avoid acronyms • Avoid sending a flame—a message that expresses an opinion without holding back any emotion and that may be seen as being confrontational

  4. Recognize the App Culture • Desktop applications • Apps • Mobile apps • Web apps

  5. Privacy • The state or condition of being free from public attention to the degree that you determine • Today, data is collected on almost all actions and transactions that individuals perform • Collected through Web surfing, purchases, user surveys and questionnaires, and other sources • Data is then aggregated by data brokers

  6. Risks Associated with Private Data • Risks fall into three categories: • Individual inconveniences and identity theft • Used to direct ad marketing campaigns and to impersonate the victim for personal gain • Associations with groups • Use of personal data to place individuals in groups based on similar interests • Statistical inferences • More in-depth than groupings

  7. Privacy Protections • Protections may be implemented to reduce the risks associated with private data • Cryptography • Following best practices • Organizations that collect private data have responsibilities

  8. Cryptography / Steganography • Cryptography • “Scrambling” data so that it cannot be read • The science of transforming information into a secure form so unauthorized persons cannot access it • Steganography • Hides the existence of data • May hide data in the file header fields, between sections of the metadata, or in the areas of the file that contain the content • May use image, audio, or video files

  9. Cryptography • Encryption • Changing the original text into a secret message using cryptography • Decryption • Changing the secret message back to its original form

  10. Cryptography • Key • A mathematical value entered into the algorithm to produce ciphertext • Ciphertext • Encrypted data • In cryptography • A unique mathematical key is input into encryption algorithm to “lock down” the data • Creates ciphertext

  11. Cryptography

  12. Cryptography • Cryptography can provide five basic protections: • Confidentiality • Integrity • Availability • Authentication • Nonrepudiation

  13. Cryptography

  14. Cryptography • Three broad categories of cryptographic algorithms: • Hash algorithms • Symmetric cryptographic algorithms • Asymmetric cryptographic algorithms

  15. Hash Algorithms • Creates a unique “digital fingerprint” of a set of data • Commonly called hashing • Fingerprint is called a digest • Is “one-way” in that its contents cannot be used to reveal the original set of data • Used primarily for comparison

  16. Hash Algorithms

  17. Symmetric Cryptographic Algorithms • Use the same single key to encrypt and decrypt • Designed to encrypt and decrypt ciphertext (unlike hashing) • Also called private key cryptography (uses private key) • Identical keys are used to encrypt and decrypt

  18. Symmetric Cryptographic Algorithms

  19. Asymmetric Cryptographic Algorithms • Also known as public key cryptography • Uses two keys instead of one • One is known as public key and one is known as private key • Keys are mathematically related • Public key is known to everyone and can be freely distributed • Private key is known only to the individual to whom it belongs

  20. Asymmetric Cryptographic Algorithms

  21. Asymmetric Cryptographic Algorithms • Important principles regarding asymmetric cryptography: • Key pairs • Requires a pair of keys • Public key • Do not need to be protected • Private key • Should be kept confidential • Both directions • Keys can work in both directions (encryption and decryption)

  22. Digital Signature • An electronic verification of the sender • A digital signature can: • Verify the sender • Prevent the sender from disowning the message • Prove the integrity of the message • Basis for a digital signature rests on the ability of asymmetric keys to work in both directions

  23. Digital Signature

  24. Using Cryptography • Encryption through Software • Three different methods • Individual files • File system • Method used by OSs to store, retrieve, and organize files • Whole disk encryption

  25. Using Cryptography • Hardware Encryption • Cannot be exploited like software encryption • Cryptography can be embedded in hardware to provide a higher degree of security • Example: encrypted hardware, based USB devices

  26. Using Cryptography • Hardware Encryption • Resemble standard USB flash drives with exceptions: • Will not connect to a computer until correct password has been provided • All data copied to the drive is automatically encrypted • External cases are designed to be tamper-resistant • Administrators can remote control and track activity • Compromised or stolen drives can be remotely disabled

  27. Using Cryptography • Digital Certificates • Technology used to associate a user’s identity to a public key • Has been “digitally signed” by a trusted third party • Third party verifies the owner and public key • Server digital certificates are often issued from a web server to a user’s client computer • Can ensure the authenticity of the web server • Can ensure the authenticity of the cryptographic connection to the web server

  28. Using Cryptography

  29. Using Cryptography • Digital Certificates • Extended Validation SSL Certificate (EV SSL) • An enhanced type of server digital certificate • Requires more extensive verification • Web browsers can visually indicate to users that they are connected to a website that uses EV SSL • Displays the address bar shaded in green along with the site’s name • Displays in red if the site is known to be dangerous

  30. Privacy Best Practices • Use encryption to protect sensitive documents that contain personal information • Use strong passwords • Shred financial documents that contain personal information • Do not carry a Social Security number in a wallet • Do not provide personal information over the phone • Keep personal information in a secure location • Be cautious about what information is posted on social networking sites

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