love is a fallcy

1. love is a fallcy

2. Note About The Author • Name: Max Shulman • Born: Mar 14, 1919 in St. Paul, Minnesota • Died: Aug 28, 1988 in Los Angeles, California • Occupation: Writer • Active: '50s • Major Genres: Comedy, Romance • Career Highlights: House Calls, Rally 'round the Flag, Boys!, The Tender Trap • First Major Screen Credit: Half a Hero (1953)

3. Max Shulman (March 14, 1919–August 28, 1988) is a 20th century American writer best known for his television and short story character Dobie Gillis, as well as for best-selling novels. His writing often focused on young people, particularly in a collegiate setting. Shulman works include the novels Rally Round the Flag, Boys! and Sleep Till Noon. He was also a co-writer, with Robert Paul Smith, of the long-running Broadway play, The Tender Trap, starring Robert Preston, which was later made into a successful movie.

4. However, he is probably best remembered for his creation of the character "Dobie Gillis", who was the subject of a series of short stories compiled under the title, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, which became the basis for a CBS television series of the same name, and had previously been the subject of a film, The Affairs of Dobie Gillis (1953). Shulman was also the writer of the series' theme song. The same year that the series began, 1959, a novel continuing the adventures of Dobie and his friends, I Was a Teenage Dwarf, was published. (Its title was a takeoff on what is now seen as a "schlock horror" classic, I Was a Teenage Werewolf, starring Michael Landon.)

5. Shulman was also a screenwriter. He was one of the collaborators on a television documentary, Light's Diamond Jubilee, which was supposedly a celebration of the 75th anniversary of the invention of the light bulb by Thomas A. Edison, but which was in reality little more than a public relations piece for the electric industry, as its predecessor film, Light's Golden Jubilee, had been 25 years before

6. After his success with the Gillis character, Shulman continued to write. His humor column, "On Campus," was syndicated in over 350 collegiate newspapers at one point. A later novel, Anyone Got a Match?, satirized both the television and tobacco industries, as well as the South and college football. His last major successful project was his work on House Calls, which began as a 1978 movie based on one of his stories which starred Walter Matthau and Glenda Jackson, and later became a television series (1979–1981) starring Wayne Rogers and Lynn Redgrave in the same roles, for which he was the lead writer.

7. A prolific writer of satirical humor, Max Shulman was born in St.Paul, Minnesota, USA, the son of a Russian immigrant house painter, and began his writing career for the college humor magazine at the University of Minnesota. His work there came to the notice of a Doubleday editor, who encouraged the student to turn his best work into a novel, "Barefoot Boy With Cheek", which became a best-seller in 1943. After graduation, Shulman served in the US Army Air Corps, during which time he wrote two more novels, "The Feather Merchants", a comic novel about military life, and "The Zebra Derby", published after the war. After returning to civilian life, Shulman became a full-time writer, turning out a large quantity of novels, short stories, stage and screenplays and television scripts over the next four decades.

8. Mr. Shulman is survived by his wife, Mary; three sons, Daniel of Minneapolis, Max of Manhattan, and Peter, of Van Nuys, Calif.; two daughters, Martha, of London, and Melody, of Manhattan; seven grandchildren, and a sister, Esther Feldman, of St. Paul.

9. Charles Lamb (1775-1834) • English essayist and critic who is now best known for his "Essays of Elia" (1823,1833). He collaborated with his sister Mary in adapting Shakespeare's plays into stories for children. • "Tales from Shakespeare" • "Specimens of English Dramatic Poets"

10. Thomas Carlyle ( 1795-188) • He produced Sartor Resartus 1833-34, the book in which he first developed his characteristic style and thought. This book is a veiled Sardonic (scornful 挖苦的) attack upon the shams and pretences of society, upon hollow rank, hollow officialism, hollow custom, out of which life and usefulness have departed. • Carlyle developed a peculiar style of his own which was called --- "Carlyese" "Carlylism

11. Ruskin:John Ruskin(1819-1900),British writer,art critic and social theorist.He considered a great paintng to be one that conveys great ideas to the viewer.During the mid-19th century Ruskin was the virtual of artistic opinion in England,but he has been treated harshly by 20th century critics.His works include MODERN PAINTERS(1843-1860),THE SEVEN LAMPS OF ARCHITECTURE(1849),SESAME AND LILIES(1865),THE CROWN OF WILD OLIVE(1866),TIME AND TIDE(1867),and FORS CLAVIGERA(8 vols,1871-1884)

12. Logical fallacy:逻辑谬论 逻辑论证，即提出支持某些论题或结论的论据。论证有两个部分组成：论点所支持的结论，与引证结论的某些前提。而结论是经由前提所推导出来的。当前提为结论提供确凿证据时，论据的演绎推理便有效；反之则会成为谬论。成为谬误的方式有三种：a内容，即事实陈述错误；b措词，即术语使用错误；c结构（或形式），即推导过程错误。那么，逻辑谬误可分为三类，即内容（material）谬误，措词（verbal）谬误以及形式（formal）谬误。

21. SUMMARY • It is about a law student who tries to marry the girl after suitable re-education, but he's been too clever for his own good. • The narrator, Dobie Gillis, a freshman in a law school, is the protagonist

22. 1. Dobie Gillis-- a law school student • very young • clever • over-conceited -- cool, logical, keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute, • powerful, precise, penetrating • 2. Petey Burch -- pitiful, dump, roommate, faddist • 3. Polly Espy --- beautiful, gracious, stupid character

23. Relationship want Belongs to Belongs to Want a wife

24. Organizational Pattern • preface • para 1-3 • It is the author's note. • 1. The author's idea about this story. • 2. The author's idea about the purpose of this story.

25. Organizational Pattern • Sect Ⅰ para. 4 --59 • the bargain between the law student and his roommate over the exchange of the girl,

26. Organizational Pattern • sub-divisions: • 1) p4 introduction of the narrator -- protagonist • 2) p5-21 introduction of the first antagonist -- Petey Burch • He downgrades his roommate, who has nothing upstairs. • 3) p22 -- 27 introduction of he second antagonist -- Polly Espy

27. Organizational Pattern • 4) p 28--40 sounding out / finding out the relationship between Petey and Polly. • 5) p.40 --59 unethical transaction over Polly • The student gives the raccoon coat the roommate wants, and his roommate gives his girl friend in return. They have a kind of deal.

28. Organizational Pattern • Sect Ⅱ. para 60 -- 124 • the teaching of 8 logical fallacies • 10 sub-divisions: • 1. 绝对判断：即将普遍规则运用于有特殊情况发生的个别情形之中 • Dicta Simpliciter：means an argument based on an unqualified generalization

29. 2. 草率结论：由个别情形来推断普遍规则 Hasty Generalization ： It applies a special case to general rule. 3.错误因果：导致某一现象的原因仅停留在表面上 Post hoc: The cause has no connection with the result. 4.矛盾前提:当论证的前提相互矛盾时，这立论便不能成立 Contradictory premises: when the premises of an argument contradict each other,there can be no argument.

30. 5.文不对题:并无关联的结论与前提 Ad misericordiam: answer has no connection with the question. 6.错误类比:将情况不同的事物进行比较 False analogy:make an analogy between different things. 7.事实相反的假设:不合逻辑的推理 Hypothesis contrary to fact: draw any supportable conclusion from a hyperthesis that is not ture. 8.井下放毒:事先否定对方 Poisoning the well: has hamstrung one’s opponent.

31. Organizational Pattern • Sect.IV. para125– the ending of the story • backfiring of all the arguments • The girl learns her lessons too well. She uses all the logical fallacies to fight back her teacher.

32. 1.对于这个世界而言，你只是某个人：但对于某个人而言，你就是全世界1.对于这个世界而言，你只是某个人：但对于某个人而言，你就是全世界 2.我爱你，不是因为你是怎样的人，而是因为我喜欢与你在一起时的感觉 3.一花一世界，一沙一天国。君掌盛无边，刹那含永劫 1.To the world you may be one person, but to the person you may be the world 2.I love you, not because what you’re, but like the feel when I with you. 3. To see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower hold infinity in the palm of your hand and eternity in an hour.

33. Exercises • II. Questions on content: • 1. What does the writer say about his own essay? Is he serious in his remarks? • 2. What, according to the writer, is the purpose of this essay? Do you agree? • 3. Why does the narrator consider Petey Burch dumb as an ox? • 4. Why does the narrator teach Polly Espy logic? Did he succeed? • 5. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay.

34. ANSWERS: Ⅱ . 1. The writer humorously uses words like "limp", "flaccid" and " spongy " to describe his essay . Nationally he doesn't believe his essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known for his humor. 2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.

35. 3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along. 4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the "logical fallacies" she had been taught to reject his offer.

36. 5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances ("accident") makes the rule inapplicable. This is the "Dicto Simpliciter" fallacy in the text. (2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of "Hasty Generalization" in the text. (3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance.

37. These include: (a) the argu- ment "Ad Hominem " (speaking "against the man" rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *'Poisoning the Well" mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument "Ad Miserieordiam" (an appeal to "pity"), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular argument or "begging the question" occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :"Gregory always votes wisely. ""But how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. ").

38. (5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called "post hoc, ergo propter hoc", mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a "malign event", like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: "Do you like the twins?""Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. ")or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-"Have you stopped beating your wife?"). (7)The fallacy of "non Sequitur" ("it does not follow"), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them.

39. Ⅲ. Questions on appreciation: 1. Comment on the title of this essay. Is it humorous? 2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man? 3. What is the purpose of this essay or story? What method does the writer employ? 4. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create? 5. Why does the narrator argue that "the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with life"? (para. 145) 6. What is the topic sentence of paragraph 50? How does the writer develop the idea expressed in the topic sentence? 7. Why does the narrator refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions chosen aptly? 8. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?

40. ANSWERS: Ⅲ.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When "fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: "There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. " When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title means. "Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises. " 2. Yes, I can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh. For example, he calls him "dumb", "nothing upstairs ", "'unstable ", "impressionable" and "'a faddist ".And as for Polly Espy, she is "a beautiful dumb girl", who would smarten up under his guidance.

41. 3. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, ellip- tical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story

42. 4. The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like "Gee," "Oo", "' wow-dow " and clipped vulgar forms like "delish", "marvy", "sesaysh", etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony. 5. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him. 6. The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence--"He was a torn man. " The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words, he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.

43. 7. Because he begged Polly's love, which was refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statue of Galatea. 8. The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good

44. IV. Analyze the logical fallacy in each of the following statements: 1. Watching television is a waste of time. 2. In the last month, fourteen students have been arrested in California for using drugs. That state is obviously filled with young addicts. 3. All his life he has read comic books. Is it any wonder he's a juvenile delinquent? 4. If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that test. 5. Religion obviously weakens the political strength of a country. After all, Rome fell after the introduction of Christianity. 6. It's true that this boy killed four people. Yet think of the poverty and misery he was raised in: his parents neglected him, and he never had enough to eat. 7.Teachers in capitalist countries are out for all the money they can get. 8. Everybody in a capitalist country is basically dishonest. Look at all the politicians who are arrested every year for taking bribes and misusing public funds

45. ANSWERS : • IV. • The fallacy of unqualified generalization or "a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid". • 2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization. • 3. The fallacy of "post hoe, ergo propter hoc". • 4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact. • 5. The fallacy of "post hoc, ergo propter hoe". • 6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam. • 7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization. • 8. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization.

46. The end Thank you all