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Understand the muscles of the head, neck, shoulder, arm, forearm, and hip regions with details on origins and primary actions. Learn about Frontalis, Masseter, Pectoralis Major, Erector Spinae, and more.
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Muscles Origin Insertion Primary Action
Head/Neck Muscles • Frontalis • Orbicularis oculi • Orbicularis oris • Temporalis • Zygomaticus • Masseter • Buccinator • Sternocleidomastoid • Platysma
Frontalis • Origin • Cranial aponeurosis • Insertion • Skin of eyebrows • Primary Action • Raises eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi • Origin • Frontal bone and maxilla • Insertion • Tissue around the eyes • Primary Actions • Blinks • Closes eyes
Orbicularis oris • Origin • Maxilla and mandible • Insertion • Skin and muscle around the mouth • Primary Actions • Closes and protrudes lips • Known as the kissing muscle because it is used to pucker the lips. (xo!).
Temporalis • Origin • Temporal bone • Insertion • Mandible • Primary Action • Closes jaw
Zygomaticus • Origin • Zygomatic bone • Insertion • Skin and muscle at corners of lips • Primary Action • Raises corner of mouth
Masseter • Origin • Zygomatic arch • Insertion • Mandible • Primary Action • Closes jaw
Buccinator • Origin • Maxilla and mandible near molars • Insertion • Orbicularis oris • Primary Actions • Compressescheek as in whistling and sucking • Holds food between teeth during chewing
Sternocleidomastoid • Origin • Sternum and clavicle • Insertion • Mastoid process of the temporal bone • Primary Actions • Contracted together = flex neck • One contracts = head rotated to side
Platysma • Origin • Connective tissue covering of superior chest muscles • Insertion • Tissue around the mouth • Primary Action • Pulls corners of the mouth inferiorly ‘frown’
Neck/Trunk/ Shoulder Muscles • Superficial anterior muscles: • Pectoralis major • Rectus abdominis • External oblique • Superficial posterior muscles: • Trapezius • Latissimus dorsi • Erector spinae • Deltoid
Pectoralis major • Origin • Clavicle • Sternum • 1st to 6th ribs • Insertion • Proximal humerus • Primary Action • Adducts and flexes humerus
Rectus abdominis • Origin • Pubis • Insertion • Ribs 5-7 • Sternum • Primary Action • Flexes vertebral column
External oblique • Origin • Lower 8 ribs • Insertion • Iliac crest • Primary Actions • Rotates and flexes vertebral column
Trapezius • Origin • Occipital bone • All cervical and thoracic vertebrae • Insertion • Clavicle • Scapular spine • Primary Action • Extends head and neck
Latissimus dorsi • Origin • Lower spine • Iliac crest • Insertion • Proximal humerus • Primary Actions • Extends and adducts humerus
Erector spinae • Origin • Iliac crest • Vertebræ • Ribs 3-12 • Insertion • Thoracic and cervical vertebrae • Ribs • Primary Action • Extends the vertebral column
Deltoid • Origin • Clavicle • Spine of scapula • Insertion • Deltoid tuberosity of humerus • Primary Action • Abducts arm
Shoulder/Arm/Forearm Muscles • Biceps brachii • Brachialis • Deltoid • Triceps brachii • Flexor carpi radialis • Flexor carpi ulnaris • Flexor digitorum superficialis • Extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis) • Extensor digitorum
Biceps brachii • Origin • Short head: tip of coracoid process of scapula • Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula • Insertion • Proximal radius • Primary Actions • Supinates forearm • Flexes elbow
Brachialis • Origin • Distal humerus • Insertion • Proximal ulna • Primary Action • Flexes elbow
Deltoid • Origin • Clavicle • Spine of scapula • Insertion • Deltoid tuberosity of humerus • Primary Action • Abducts arm
Triceps brachii • Origin • Long head: scapula • Lateral head: proximal humerus • Medial head: proximal humerus • Insertion • Olecranon process of ulna • Primary Action • Extends elbow
Flexor carpi radialis • Origin • Distal humerus • Insertion • Base of 2nd metacarpal • Primary Actions • Flexes and abducts hand (at wrist)
Flexor carpi ulnaris • Origin • Humeral head: distal humerus • Ulnar head: posterior ulna • Insertion • Carpals (pisiform bone, hook of hamate bone) • 5th metacarpal bone • Primary Action • Flexes and adducts hand (at wrist)
Flexor digitorum superficialis • Origin • Humoulnar head: distal humerus and ulna • Radial head: superior half of radius • Insertion • Middle phalanges of digits 2 - 5 • Primary Action • Flexes wrist and fingers
Extensor carpi radialis longus • Origin • Humerus • Insertion • Base of 2nd metacarpal • Primary Actions • Extends and abducts hand at wrist
Extensor carpi radialis brevis • Origin • Humerus • Insertion • Base of 3rd metacarpal • Action • Extends and abducts hand at wrist
Extensor digitorum • Origin • Distal humerus • Insertion • Phalanges of 2nd to 5th fingers • Primary Actions • Extends fingers • Extends hand at wrist
Hip/Thigh/Leg Muscles Anterior • Iliopsoas • Adductor muscles • Sartorius • Quadriceps group: • Vastus medialis • Vastus intermedius • Vastus lateralis • Rectus femoris • Tibialis anterior • Extensor digitorum longus • Fibularis muscles
Iliopsoas • Origin • Psoas – lumbar vertebrae • Iliacus – ilium • Insertion • Femur (lesser trochanter) • Primary Action • Flexes the hip
Adductor muscles • Origin • Pubis • Insertion • Femur • Tibia • Primary Action • Adducts thigh
Sartorius • Origin • Ilium • Insertion • Proximal tibia • Primary Actions • Flexes and laterally rotates the thigh
Quadriceps Group Vastus medialis • Origin • Femur • Insertion • Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament • Primary Action • Extends the knee
Quadriceps Group Vastus intermedius • Origin • Femur • Insertion • Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament • Primary Action • Extends the knee
Quadriceps Group Vastus lateralis • Origin • Femur • Insertion • Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament • Primary Action • Extends the knee
Quadriceps Group Rectus femoris • Origin • Ilium • Insertion • Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament • Primary Actions • Extends the knee • Flexes thigh (hip)
Tibialis anterior • Origin • Proximal tibia • Insertion • First cuneiform and first metatarsal • Primary Actions • Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Extensor digitorum longus • Origin • Proximal tibia and fibula • Insertion • Distal phalanges 2-5 • Primary Actions • Extends toes 2 - 5 • Dorsiflexes foot
Fibularis or peroneus muscles Peroneus longus • Origin • Fibula • Insertion • Tarsal (medial cuneiform) and 1st metatarsal • Primary Actions • Eversion • Plantarflexion
Fibularis or peroneus muscles Peroneus brevis • Origin • Fibula • Insertion • Fifth metatarsal • Primary Actions • Eversion • Plantarflexion
Fibularis or peroneus muscles Peroneus tertius • Origin • Fibula • Insertion • Fifth metatarsal • Primary Actions • Eversion • Plantarflexion
Hip/Thigh/Leg Muscles Posterior • Gluteus maximus • Gluteus medius • Hamstring muscles • Semitendinosus • Semimembranosus • Biceps femoris • Gastrocnemius • Soleus
Gluteus maximus • Origin • Ilium, sacrum and coccyx • Insertion • Lateral femur • Primary Action • Extends hip (thigh)
Gluteus medius • Origin • Ilium • Insertion • Greater trochanter of femur • Primary Actions • Abducts thigh • Steadies pelvis during walking
Hamstring Muscles Semitendinosus • Origin • Ischial tuberosity • Insertion • Proximal tibia • Primary Actions • Extends the thigh • Flexes the knee
Hamstring Muscles Semimembranosus • Origin • Ischial tuberosity • Insertion • Proximal tibia • Primary Action • Extends the thigh • Flexes the knee
Hamstring Muscles Biceps femoris • Origin • Long head – ischial tuberosity • Short head –lateral femur • Insertion • Head of fibula • Primary Actions • Extends the thigh • Flexes the knee Long head Short head
Gastrocnemius • Origin • Medial head – medial epicondyle of femur • Lateral head – lateral epicondyle of femur • Insertion • Calcaneus • Primary Actions • Flexes knee • Plantar flexes foot