Warm Up:

1. Warm Up: How were Arab Muslims able to conquer and rule such a large empire with a relatively small population?

2. III. Islamic Civilization • Law and Dogma • Shari’a • The law of Islam provides the foundation for Islamic Civilization Based on: • The sunna, or tradition of the Prophet • Based on the hadith, the words and deeds of Muhammad

3. III. Islamic Civilization B. Converts and Cities • Conversion • To convert to Islam, a person must state, in the presence of a Muslim: • “there is not God but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God” • Many converts initially could not speak Arabic, read the Quran

4. III. Islamic Civilization • Urbanization • Converts often faced discrimination in their home communities • Migrated to Arab governing centers • Capital cities and military settlements • Muslim cities grew rapidly • Non-Muslim cities stagnated or shrank

5. III. Islamic Civilization 3. Islamic Architecture • It is in Architecture that the greatest cultural blending can be seen • Already existing buildings were modified by Islamic Ideals • Islamic Features: • Multi-lobed interwoven arches • Domes • Minarets • Large courtyards

6. Multi-lobed interwoven arches

8. Domes

9. Dome of the Rock • Located in Jerusalem • Rock in the center is believed to be the spot from where Muhammad ascended (rose) up to Heaven

13. Minarets • Towers built from where Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day

15. Large Courtyards

16. III. Islamic Civilization 4. Mosaics • Artwork created using tiny pieces of colored glass tiles • Muslims use mosaics to create geometric decorations on Mosques

19. III. Islamic Civilization 5. Arabic Alphabet • Arabic was first used to translate the context of the Quran (The Holy Book of Islam) • Written from Right to Left • Made up of 28 letters

20. III. Islamic Civilization 6. Calligraphy • Art of beautiful handwriting • In Islam, showing living things in art was not allowed • So artists turned to calligraphy to express themselves.

22. Islamic Art Project

23. Warm Up: What was the purpose of mosaics and calligraphy in Islamic art and architecture?

24. III. Islamic Civilization 7. Universities • Muhammad strongly believed in the power of learning • This led to support of places of learning by Muslim Leaders • Qualified physicians = treat the sick • Mathematicians and Astronomers = Calculated times for prayer

25. III. Islamic Civilization 8. Science and Technology • Muslim science exceeded that of European counterparts • Built on Hellenistic traditions and observations

26. III. Islamic Civilization 9. Medical • The Comprehensive Book – • An encyclopedia of medicine • using knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic and Indian sources of knowledge

27. III. Islamic Civilization 10. Math • Arabic Numbers were adapted from India • Included the number ZERO • Led to study of optics • which helped develop lenses for telescopes and microscopes

28. III. Islamic Civilization 11. Astronomy • Determined the Milky Way lies far beyond earth’s atmosphere • Explained why the sun and moon appear larger on horizon than overhead

29. III. Islamic Civilization C. Islam, Women, and Slaves • Women • Muslim women were veiled and secluded • as they had been previously in the Byzantine and the Sasanid Empires. • Women could be influential in the family, • but only slave women could have a public role or appear in public before men.

30. III. Islamic Civilization • Women and Law • Muslim women did have rights under Islamic law. • These rights included the right to own property and to retain it in marriage, • the right to divorce, • to remarry, • to testify in court, • and to go on pilgrimage.

31. III. Islamic Civilization 4. Slavery • Muslims were not permitted to enslave their fellow Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians - except when taken as prisoners of war. • Muslims could and did hold non-Muslim slaves, but the status of slave was not hereditary.

32. III. Islamic Civilization D. The Recentering of Islam • Effects of Fragmentation • The decline of the caliphate and factionalism within the ulama deprived Islam of a religious center. • During the 12th & 13th centuries two new sources of religious authority developed: • the madrasas (religious colleges) and the Sufi brotherhoods.

33. III. Islamic Civilization • Sufi Brotherhoods • Mystic fraternities whose members sought union with God through rituals and training. • The early Sufis were mystics who went into ecstasies and expressed their ideas in poetry; • the Sufi brotherhoods developed into organizations of Muslim men. • Sufi brotherhoods provided their members with spiritual guidance and rules for everyday life. • The brotherhoods originated in the urban areas and then spread to the countryside.