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China & the New Imperialism. Chapter 12: Section I Ms. Garratt. China & Trade. China traditionally placed strict limits on foreign trade Balance of trade surplus vs. trade deficit Europe requested more trading rights & were refused 3 things changed: Ch entered period of decline (Qing)
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China & the New Imperialism Chapter 12: Section I Ms. Garratt
China & Trade • China traditionally placed strict limits on foreign trade • Balance of trade surplus vs. trade deficit • Europe requested more trading rights & were refused 3 things changed: Ch entered period of decline (Qing) Indus Rev required new markets West had military power to enforce its will
Opium • Britain decides to sell Opium which is illegal in China • This is protested by China • Lin writes letter to Queen Victoria asking why she is allowing such a harmful substance to be sold in China that is illegal in Britain
The Opium War 1839 • Chinese ships were no match for the steam-powered gunboats. • British naval victory • Results in the Treaty of Nanjing
Treaty of Nanjing 1842 • British gained: • Hong Kong • Indemnity • Extraterritorial rights • Most favored nation (MFN) • Access to more trade
The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 • Just when you thought things couldn’t go worse……The Taiping Rebellion occurs. • Over the course of the next 15 years approx 20-30 m died • Led by Hong Xiuquan who wanted to establish “heavenly kingdom” • His radical ideas included land reform, community ownership of property, gender equality, strict morality & end to Qing Dynastt • Foreigners took further advantage of Chinese weaknesses and seized more territory
Sino-Japanese War • Japan industrialized quickly after 1868 • Japan joined Western imperialists in competition for global empire • In 1894 they seized Taiwan
Impact of the Japanese Defeat • By revealing how weak China was Europeans began to carve out more spheres of influence. • The US insisted in 1899 that there be an “open door” policy which allowed all countries to trade freely in China on an equal basis
Impact of US Open Door Policy • Ensured that Chinese trade would be open to all • Prevented China from full scale colonization
To Reform or not to reform…. • Many saw reform as the only way to free China from Western imperialism • In 1860s the Self-Strenghening Movement tried to industrialize and build an infrastructure • Little progress due to lack of gov support
Hundred Days of Reform” Movement 1898 • Second attempt concentrated on modernizing government, military & bureaucracy • Conservatives were threatened & halted reforms • Reformers imprisoned • Kang Youwei >>>>
Resentment Against Foreigners • Treaty of Nanjing • Extraterritorial rights • Missionaries • Spheres of Influence • Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists (the Boxers) led campaign against foreigners • >>Martyrs of rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion 1899 • Goal was to drive out “foreign devils” who were “polluting” the land with un-Chinese ways. • Attacked foreign communities which led the West to organize a multinational force. • Boxers were easily defeated.
Impact of Boxer Rebellion • Greater sense of nationalism • Convinced conservatives of the need to support westernization • Confucianism was replaced with emphasis on math & science • China expanded economically • Industry developed with new Chinese business & working class
Sun Yixian & the Three Principals of the People • Western educated • Founded the Kuomintang to create a republic based on these 3 principles: • Nationalism • Democracy • Economic Security for all
World War I • China felt betrayed after the war. • Declared war against Germany in the hopes that Allies would return control of Chinese territory held by Germany • Instead the territory was given to Japan as part of the Treaty of Versailles
May Fourth Movement 1919 • Demonstrations erupted across the country in what came to be called the May Fourth Movement. • Commitment to nationalism and modernization • Many turned away from Kuomintang toward communists out of frustration
Communist Party • Mao adapted Marxism to China • Sun allies the Kuomintang with the Communists due to frustration with the West • Lenin provided military aid • After Sun’s death the Kuomintang become corrupt and do little to improve the lives of peasants. • They align themselves with the Communists • 1927 slaughters of Communists would plunge China into 4 decades of Civil War
Civil War & the Long March • 100,000 march 6000 miles to escape Jiang • Recruit peasants • Guerilla warfare • Only 7-8000 survive when they reach the north • Japan takes advantage of domestic turmoil
World War II Communists Kuomintang Control of the South Received US aid ($1.5 b) Corruption Few battles fought with Japanese Saved their energy for final battle with Communists • Controlled the north • Promoted literacy & food production • Won support of the peasants
