European Imperialism in India, China, and the Pacific Rim

1. European Imperialism in India, China, and the Pacific Rim By Devika Chandramohan Period 5- Kinberg

2. Imperialism (Miller) • Extension of power through diplomacy/military force • Shift from mercantilist colonial world • Independence movements in New World • Ex: Creole elites in Latin America • Abolitionist movement • Especially successful in Britain • Enlightenment • Enlightenment universalism: humans are the same • Impacted the idea of dominance of certain races, etc. • Free-trade Lobby • Drew on ideas of Adam Smith and David Ricardo • Viewed mercantilism inefficient, prevented economic growth for people • End of European slave trade • Denmark 1st • Britain extremely dedicated to it (searching ships, etc.) • Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands agreed to abolishment, but didn’t really follow through Father Hidalgo leads the Mexicans revolt against the Spaniards. (“Father”) (Chambers 774-776)

3. New Reasons for Expansion • Economic endeavors • Powers eager to abandon free trade in order to increase economic influence • Enlightenment: • Using reason, they could guide groups towards civilization • Cultural Relativism • Accepted others’ accomplishments, but still believed in supremacy • “White Man’s Burden” • moral duty and obligation to help the poor (different ethnicities) whether they want the help or not • Instrumentalism: idea that single person can make a difference • Felt confident about civilizing other peoples (“The White”) Click to read Rudyard Kipling’s poem, “The White Man’s Burden” (Rudyard) (Chambers 776-777)

4. India • Motives: • Economic benefits • Industrial Revolution: • Needed source for raw products, like cotton and indigo • Large market to sell manufactured products to • Civilizing mission • Charles Grant and William Wilberforce brought religion • Reformers, like Thomas Macaulay, wanted to get rid of “barbaric” rituals (sati: burning of widow with corpse of husband), bring European education (“British”) (Chambers 777-779) Sati tradition in India (Rowlands)

5. (“British”) • British East India Company: • Many trade posts along India (Bombay, Madras, Calcutta), but powerful Mughal emperors controlled trade • By 1707: Mughals losing power • Opposition from Marathas (wanted Hindu ruling) lead by Shivaji Bhosle (“father of Maratha nation”)  Maratha War of Independence (aka War of 27 Years)  death of ruler Aurangzeb (“Rise”) Emperor Aurangzeb (Aurangzeb) Shivaji Bhosle (Shivaji) Click to watch a movie about the Mughal Empire

6. Gained importance in 1757: defeat of nawab of Bengal • Lead by Robert Clive • In charge of 900 Europeans and 1500 sepoys (Indian soldiers) • Attacked and killed nawab at Plassey • Made nawab a figurehead while increasing British power • Britain got rid of French competition in Treaty of Paris after defeating France in French and Indian War (Chambers 549) Click to watch video on the rise of British power in India Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey (Hayman)

7. Positive Negative • Destroyed purity of Indian culture • Forced reluctant groups to conform • Loss of native languages • Didn’t take religious restrictions into consideration • Ex: sepoys had to “bite the bullet” even though it was coated with animal fat • Missionaries converted many • Set up segregated regions (parks, etc.) where only British were allowed • Saved best goods for British; doctors would only treat them • Economy • Took much of India’s wealth (jewels, gold, etc.) • Forbid Indian production; had to depend on Britain for goods • Forced to work on farms to grow cash crops for British • Massive poverty and famine • Poverty rates still extremely high • Skewed borders made by Europeans= conflict • British left India within in 7 months • Left a mess of Hindu/ Muslim conflicts (lead to creation of Pakistan) • India-Pakistan conflict still going on • More rights for women • Still had freedom of religion • British disapproved of having “untouchable caste” = improved condition of lower castes • Jobs for Indians as servants, soldiers, etc. • Education system • Gandhi and Nehru (1st prime minister) were educated in British system • Speaking English opened up trading opportunities • Improvements of port cities • Political system • Today, India is the world’s largest democracy • Framed after British gov. (parliamentary system) • Railroad system (one of the world’s largest) Impact (Crawford)

8. The Kohinoor diamond, once known as the largest diamond in the world, was taken in 1849 by the British from the Punjabi treasury and given to Queen Victoria. It still resides in the Tower of London today in Queen Elizabeth's crown. (Kohinoor)

9. China • Motives: • Desired goods like tea, silk, porcelain, paper • China had stopped expansion and had turned inwards • Imbalance of trade (aka “export of specie”) • Placed high prices on luxury goods that gullible foreigners bought • British treasury being depleted due to dependence of China for tea • Had no desire for European goods • Europe had no access to rich market (“China”) Different nations’ holds on China (Spheres)

10. Opium • British East India Company imported opium to China from India • China’s addiction : • Loss of silver/money for China ($34 million silver for opium in the 1830s!) • Damaging health • China takes actions: • 1840: Qing Emperor put ban on opium • Didn’t work b/c • Beijing too far from southern ports • 900 tons of opium/year illegally smuggled • New strict commissioner to control opium trade at the port of Guangzhou: Lin Zexu • Oversaw destruction of British opium (Caswell) Commissioner Lin Zexu (Lamqua) (Ritvik)

11. “This war with China . . . really seems to me so wicked as to be a national sin of the greatest possible magnitude.” -Thomas Arnold to W. W. Hull, March 18, 1840 Opium Wars • 1st Opium War: • China sent a message to Queen Victoria, berating Britain’s opium dealings • Britain angered by this and ban on opium imports • Declared war in Nov. 1839: • Blockade on Pearl River • Jan. 1841: British land victories • June 1841: Controlled much of South China (rice-growing land) • Key to British victory was Her Majesty's Navy (used broadsides against wooden ships) • Treaty of Nanking (Aug. 29, 1842): • China had to accept the following conditions: • Handed over island of Hong Kong to Great Britain • Opened five “treaty ports” (Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Shanghai, and Ningbo) • Paid $9 million in return for destroyed opium chests • Abolished China’s monopolies and limited tariffs to 5% • Western merchants only accountable for laws of country (“England”)

12. 2nd Opium War: • Chinese resentment over terms • Oct. 8, 1856: Chinese officials boarded Arrow (ship from Hong Kong) because it was smuggling opium, but British argued it was a foreign ship • Great Britain, Russia, U.S.A., and France(angry over Chinese execution of a French missionary, Father August Chapdelaine)vs. China • Anglo-France force overpowered Chinese • When Qing were slow to accept terms of peace: • British and French occupied Peking and destroyed Emperor Xianfeng's Summer Palace • Russia obtained Vladivostock • Convention of Peking, signed by Prince Gong: • Payment to all the nations • Gave over port of Kowloon to Great Britain • Export of indentured Chinese workers to U.S.A (lead to rapid building of Trans-Continental Railroad) (“England”) (Chambers 782) (“England”)

13. Positive Negative • Lost part of their culture • Opium addiction increased, disabling or killing thousands • Displeasure with gov. • Rebellions: • Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) • Peasants angry with special treatment of foreigners/ Christian Chinese • Formed secret Society of Harmonious Fists (Boxers) • Surrounded parts of Beijing inhabited by foreign powers • Defeated • Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) • Peasants tried to overthrow European-dominated Qing gov. • Death toll of 20 million • “Ever-Victorious Army” lead by General Charles Gordon crushed it by 1864 • Economic subjugation • Growing feeling of nationalism, unity • Open Door Policy: • China trade with nations = economic growth • Better living conditions: •  Better education, better sanitation, etc. • Saw the corruption in their gov. system • Desired “Enlightened” Emperor • Sought reform Impacts (Bayerl) (Bayerl) (Chambers 782)

14. Pacific Rim • Motives • More like American colonization • Australia: • Penal colony: prisoners sent from Britain • Economic opportunity for settlers • Seek adventure (Chambers 783)

15. Australian Gold Rush (1851): • Edward Hargraves found grain of gold in a waterhole near Bathurst • Found a place (named if Ophir) full of gold • More than 100,000 prospectors within 4 months • 1852: 370,000 immigrants arrived • British, Americans, French, Italian, German, Polish and Hungarian exiles • Booming economy gold shipped to London for goods started producing in Australia = stimulated local economy • 1st railroad/ telegraph systems • Tensions rising: •  Ballarat Reform League under Peter Lalor • Gathered at Eureka to stand up for rights 22 killed by Melbourne soldiers (Wells)

16. Edward Hargraves Ballarat Reform League (Ballarat)

17. New Zealand: • New Zealand Trading Company brought settlers (despite British protest) • Gained Dominion status in 1907 (Australia received in 1901): • Settlers had limited autonomy while British gov. controlled foreign policy/trade • Settlers didn’t respect locals • Waitangi Treaty: • Promised local Maoris land protection, but didn’t follow up • Rebellion by Maori violently crushed by British forces (Chambers 783)

18. Suggested Viewing Highly suggest watching Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough, starring Ben Kinglsey. It is a beautifully made biographical movie about the life of one of the greatest peaceful freedom fighters, Mohandas Gandhi, from his days of youth in South Africa to his assassination. It also provides a clear picture of the effects of imperialism on India.

19. Works Cited

20. Pictures