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Compare Contrast: Watson s Caring Theory Henderson s Philosophy in Practice

Introduction. Give us a brief overview of your educational background.. Virginia Henderson: Education. Diploma in Nursing from the Army School of Nursing at Walter Reed Hospital in 1921.Bachelor's Degree from Teachers College at Columbia University in 1932, Master's Degree in 1934.. Jean Watson: Education.

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Compare Contrast: Watson s Caring Theory Henderson s Philosophy in Practice

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    1. Compare & Contrast: Watson’s Caring Theory & Henderson’s Philosophy in Practice Kirstin Vorhes Beth Smith Rachel Criddle

    3. Give us a brief overview of your educational background.

    4. Virginia Henderson: Education Diploma in Nursing from the Army School of Nursing at Walter Reed Hospital in 1921. Bachelor’s Degree from Teachers College at Columbia University in 1932, Master’s Degree in 1934.

    5. Jean Watson: Education 1961: Diploma in Nursing from Lewis-Gale School of Nursing, Roanoke, VA 1964: BSN from the University of Colorado (CU), Boulder 1966: MS in Psychiatric Mental-Health Nursing (minor in Psychology) from the CU Medical Center, Denver 1970: Graduate study in Social & Clinical psychology from the CU, Boulder 1973: PhD in Educational Psychology & Counseling from the CU, Boulder Founder of Center for Human CaringFounder of Center for Human Caring

    6. Briefly, what’s your theory and your perception of nursing’s purpose?

    7. Defined nursing as "assisting individuals to gain independence in relation to the performance of activities contributing to health or its recovery."  Nurses act as a substitute for the patient, a helper to the patient, and a partner with the patient. So, in practice, nurses should give care from the perspective of 14 basic needs. Henderson: Theory & Purpose

    8. Watson: Theory & Purpose Goals of Nursing Caring Theory: Framework for Practice Promote health Restore client to health Prevent illness Nursing is based on human values and interest in welfare of others Caring is an interpersonal process comprising interventions to meet human needs Health and illness are related to harmony (or lack thereof) between body, mind, & soul

    9. How about a little more detail?

    10. The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values. The instillation of faith-hope. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others. The development of a helping-trust relationship. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings. The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning. The provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, sociocultural, and spiritual environment. Assistance with the gratification of human needs. The allowance for existential-phenomenological forces. Watson’s 10 Carative Factors “Carative factors serve as a guide to the "core of nursing", in contrast to nursing's "trim". Core pointed to those aspects of nursing that potentiate therapeutic healing processes and relationships; they affect the one caring and the one-being-cared-for. Further, the basic core is grounded in the philosophy, science, and art of caring. Carative is that deeper and larger dimension of nursing that goes beyond the "trim" of changing times, setting, procedures, functional tasks, specialized focus around disease, treatment and technology. While the "trim" is important and not expendable, the point is that nursing cannot be defined around its trim and what it "does" in a given setting at a given point in time. Nor can nursing's trim define and clarify its larger professional ethic and mission to society.”“Carative factors serve as a guide to the "core of nursing", in contrast to nursing's "trim". Core pointed to those aspects of nursing that potentiate therapeutic healing processes and relationships; they affect the one caring and the one-being-cared-for. Further, the basic core is grounded in the philosophy, science, and art of caring. Carative is that deeper and larger dimension of nursing that goes beyond the "trim" of changing times, setting, procedures, functional tasks, specialized focus around disease, treatment and technology. While the "trim" is important and not expendable, the point is that nursing cannot be defined around its trim and what it "does" in a given setting at a given point in time. Nor can nursing's trim define and clarify its larger professional ethic and mission to society.”

    11. Breathe normally. Eat and drink adequately. Eliminate body wastes. Move and maintain desirable postures. Sleep and rest. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. Worship according to one’s faith. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. Play or participate in various forms of recreation. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities. Henderson’s 14 Components

    12. How does your theory relate to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

    13. Henderson: Maslow’s Hierarchy The first 9 needs of the patient fall under basic needs

    14. Majority of carative factors fall in these categories Watson: Maslow’s Hierarchy

    15. How have your theories changed over time?

    16. Carative factors dealt with the “core” versus the “trim” of nursing "Caritas" comes from the Latin word meaning to cherish, to appreciate, to give special attention, if not loving, attention to Watson: Carative to Caritas

    17. Practice of loving-kindness & equanimity within context of caring consciousness Being authentically present, & enabling & sustaining the deep belief system & subjective life world of self & the one-being-cared-for Cultivation of one's own spiritual practices & transpersonal self, going beyond ego self Developing & sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship Being present to, & supportive of the expression of positive & negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self & the one-being-cared-for Creative use of self & all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being & meaning attempting to stay within other's frame of reference Creating healing environment at all levels, (physical as well as non-physical, subtle environment of energy & consciousness, whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, & peace are potentiated Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, administering ‘human care essentials', which potentiate alignment of mindbodyspirit, wholeness, & unity of being in all aspects of care Opening & attending to spiritual-mysterious & existential dimensions of one's own life-death; soul care for self & the one-being-care-for Watson: Clinical Caritas Processes “What differs in the Clinical Caritas framework is that a decidedly spiritual dimension and an overt evocation of love and caring merge into a new paradigm for the next millennium. Such a perspective ironically places nursing within its most mature framework, consistent with the Nightingale model of nursing, yet to be actualized, but awaiting its evolution within a caring-healing theory. This direction, ironically while embedded in theory, goes beyond theory and becomes a converging paradigm for nursing's future.”“What differs in the Clinical Caritas framework is that a decidedly spiritual dimension and an overt evocation of love and caring merge into a new paradigm for the next millennium. Such a perspective ironically places nursing within its most mature framework, consistent with the Nightingale model of nursing, yet to be actualized, but awaiting its evolution within a caring-healing theory. This direction, ironically while embedded in theory, goes beyond theory and becomes a converging paradigm for nursing's future.”

    18. Updated book The Nature of Nursing Reflections after 20 years in 1991. Died March 19, 1996 Often called the “American Florence Nightingale” Henderson: Changes?

    19. How can we apply this theory today in nursing practice?

    20. Watson: Application Transpersonal Caring: Human-to-Human Approach Share your genuine selves with patients Recognize the spiritual strength of the patient Create an environment that supports human caring Provide for patients’ primary human requirements

    21. Nurses should recognize that their role changes “day-to-day, week-to-week, and month-to-month” as the needs of patients change and with the contributions from others on health care team. As nurses we are here to help patients do what they would for themselves if they had the strength AND to help them become free from our help as soon as possible, to function again on their own. Henderson: Application

    22. How can we remember your theory?

    23. Watson: How to remember Theory of Caring “Watson” and “Caring” are both 6-letter words C is for Caring, Caritas, and Colorado ABCs=Airway, Breathing, and CARING! WWMD=WWWD

    24. 14 Basic Needs ! Henderson: How to remember

    25. Questions?

    26. www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Henderson http://www2.uchsc.edu/son/caring/content/jwbio.asp Chitty, K., Black, B. (2007) Professional Nursing. Concepts & Challenges (5th ed.). St. Louis. Saunders. References

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