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Composites use in the marine environment

Composites use in the marine environment. John Summerscales. Marine renewable energy ( MRE ). Offshore wind …………… Wave energy Tidal stream energy Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Salinity gradient Algal biomass. Marine renewable energy ( MRE ). Wave energy

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Composites use in the marine environment

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  1. Composites usein the marine environment John Summerscales

  2. Marine renewable energy (MRE) • Offshore wind …………… • Wave energy • Tidal stream energy • Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) • Salinity gradient • Algal biomass

  3. Marine renewable energy (MRE) • Wave energy EMEC identify 77 developers of potential devices six generic headings, • Attenuators ……………………………………..Pelamis: • point absorbers • oscillating wave surge converters • oscillating water columns ……………………. Limpet: • overtopping devices ……………………….. Wave Dragon • submerged pressure differential devices classification does not cover all options 

  4. Marine renewable energy • tidal stream energy • horizontal axis rotor turbines • vertical axis rotor turbines • oscillating hydrofoils • images are • Open Hydro HART • Neptune Proteus VART • Stingray OH

  5. Offshore oil structures Offshore oil exploration and exploitation grids and gratingshandrailsladders caissons pipes

  6. Submarines and submersibles • American nuclear submarine SSN 711 "San Francisco“hit an uncharted seamount on 7 January 2005. • LR5 submersible used in the Kursk submarine rescue attempt has an advanced composite pressure hull

  7. OceanGate Cyclops (2013) • five-person next-generation manned submersible • 178 mm thick carbon fiber hull • manufactured by automated fiber placement (AFP) • depths to 3000 metres (9800 feet) • 180° borosilicate glass dome.

  8. Lifeboats

  9. Lifeboats RNLI Hovercraft:aluminium hull with FRC topsides and fan ducts Balmoral liferaft: • self-righting, totally-enclosed, motor-propelled survival craft for the offshore oil industry • craft range in size (6.2-8.75 m ) and can carry 21-66 people respectively • glass reinforced plastic using fire-retardant resins • certification requires withstand 30 m high kerosene flames and temperatures of 1150°C • throughout the fire test, the temperature inside the craft never exceeded 27°C.

  10. Mine counter-measures vessels MCMV: hunter/sweeper • HMS Wilton 1 1973 46 m 450 tonnes • Royal Navy Hunt Class 13 1980 60 m 725 tonnes • Sandown class SRMH 12 1989 50 m 450 tonnes

  11. Swedish Navy • Landsort MCMV 47.5 m 360 tons GRP sandwich • Visby stealth corvette 73 m 600 tons sandwich construction CFRP quoted speed of >35 knots

  12. USS Stiletto M Ship Company (San Diego CA) M80 Stiletto 24.4 m by 12.1m wide • unique "double-M"-shaped multi-hull lightweight littoral patrol boat • captures air and converts wave energy into lift • cruise at >50 knots (92 km/h) with improved comfort/smaller wake • vacuum-bagged carbon sandwich for the hull major structures • resin film infusion (RFI) for bulkheads and longitudinal girders • crew of three and transports 12 Sea, Air and Land (SEAL) commandos • also carries an 11m/36 ft rigid-hull inflatable boatand has capacity for smaller-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

  13. Sterngear • Propellers • Tim Searle UG and PhD projects • GFRP props for UoP work boats • RV Triton • 2.9 metre diameter composite propeller • world's largest composite propeller:five composite blades bolted and bondedto a nickel aluminium bronze (NAB) hub • Rudders • UD DDG-51-class destroyer rudderstwist to different angle of attack at different water depths

  14. Powerboats • Very Slender Vessels (VSV) ~30 ft– covert operations • Cable & Wireless Adventure 41 tonnes, 35 x 14 m • composite glass reinforced polymer/foam sandwich • record breaking circumnavigation:24500 nautical miles in 74 days 20 hours62 days at sea: average speed 16.5 knots average fuel consumption ~ 1 mpg (4.5 litres/nm).

  15. Powerboats • Earthrace trimaran • 24m wavepiercer trimaran by Craig Loomes Design Group (CLDG) • “advanced composites including carbon fibre and aramid reinforcements, toughened epoxy resins and lightweight foam cores” • Germanischer Lloyd/CLDG animationvessel operating at 28 knots in short steep head seaof 2.8m height and 23m wavelength - colours indicate wave peaks/troughs • 24000 mile circumnavigation in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutesreduced record by almost 14 days (close to a 20% reduction in the time).

  16. Yachts • Maltese Falcon: 1200 tonnes - 87.5 m long overall • steel/aluminium hull • 3 free-standing carbon fibre composites masts • each 57 m high and weighs 13 tons • embedded optical fibre sensorsreport strain and stress data to the bridge • six curved carbon-fibre yards to each mast

  17. Yachts • Mirabella V 740 tonnes 75.2 m long, 90 m mast • largest single mast (sloop rigged) yacht • built by VT, launched in November 2004 • carbon deck and stiffeners • aramid outside hull skin • E-glass composites over PVC or polyolefin foam cores

  18. Yachts • B&Q Castorama trimaran • 8.3 tonnes - 23 m long - 30.6 m mast • "constructed entirely .. of carbon fibre” • designed by Nigel Irens and Benoit Cabaret • Ellen MacArthur solo non-stop circumnavigation: 71 days, 14 hours, 18 minutes • previous record, Francis Joyon 72d 22h 54m • Cable & Wireless Adventurer 74d 20h & 14 crew!

  19. Yacht:L’Hydroptère • Alain Thébault built 18.3 m 6.5 tonnes vessel • "carbon fibre composite and titanium structures” • September 2009 in a 28-knot westerly wind • 51.36 knots (59.1 mph) over a distance of 500 metres • 48.72 knots (56 mph) over one nautical mile • subject to ratification by theWorld Sailing Speed Record Council (WSSRC).

  20. Yachts • "Team Philips“ 37 m by 21 m and 41 m high • preimpregated CFRP fabrics and vacuum-bagging • wave piercing bow technology • designed for The Race:no-holds barred, no limits, round the world challenge. • first sea-trials: portion of the portside pontoon snapped off. • repaired, boat relaunched, problem with rotating wing masts • December 2000 abandoned:70 knot winds, 10m waves and worsening weather conditions

  21. Human-powered craft • Pink Lady Atlantic row • carbon fibre/foam core sandwich built in four separate components(10 meter hull, forward cabin roof, the aft cabin roof and the rowing bay) • days from breaking a world record for thefastest North Atlantic row from Canada stopped by a freak wave • Knoydart 14' Prospector • standard fibreglass lay-up (24kg) is ideal for entry level paddlers • Ultralight (18kg) lightest solo canoe available for wilderness tripping

  22. Sails FiberPath laminate sail • fibres aligned with the primary loads in the sail • multiple fibre patterns to address secondary loads • lighter in weight than a tri-radial sail for GP applications.

  23. End-of-life (EoL) vessel • waste reduction > reuse > recovery > disposal • reuse: vessel – components – materials • recover: fibres – pyrolysis etc for feedstock • disposal: scuttle – incinerate – compost if bio-based • landfill as a last resort • beware: • toxic compounds in • bilges, engines, lubricants, etc and • anti-fouling coatings

  24. End-of-life (EoL) vessel • Annette Roux (2007)President of FIN (French boatbuilding federation) andPresident of Groupe Beneteau, said:industry has worked hard on techniques to destroy old fibreglass hulls, instead of owners abandoning them, “but so far we are having difficulty finding any: they are in good condition and sailors continue to use them”

  25. Acknowledgements • sources for images are given in: • http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/composites/marine.htm • Miggy Singh, John Summerscales and Ken WittamoreDisposal of composite boats and other marine compositesChapter 18 (pages 495-519) in Vanessa Goodship (editor):"Management, recycling and reuse of waste composites",Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2010. • Juliette Jackson and John SummerscalesMarine Renewable Energy (MRE):a review of device technologies draft manuscript.

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