Future Optical Internet ATM will play a key role

1. ADM ADM OXC ADM ADM OXC OXC OADM OADM IP over ATM Future Optical InternetATM will play a key role Different Protocol Stacks Integrated to provide different size bandwidth pipes and CoS IP/ATM Network IP SONET Network IP/ATM Network IP SONET Network HDWDM OC-3084 IP Optical Network IP Sonet IP Optical QoS & VPNs up to OC3 Greater than OC-48 OC3, OC12, OC48

2. IP over ATM Future Optical InternetMPLS & ATM ATM VCs ATM VCs SONET LSP SONET LSP DWDM LSP IP Sonet IP Optical QoS & VPNs up to OC3 OC-48, OC-192 OC3, OC12

3. Optical Internet Architecture“Rings are Dead” Both sides of fiber ring ring used for IP traffic Traditional SONET Transport Node Traditional SONET Transport Node WDM WDM 3 0C-48 Tx 2 OC-48 Rx High Priority Traffic Cannot exceed 50% of bandwidth in case of fiber cut Asymmetric Tx/Rx lambdas that can be dynamically altered Traditional SONET Restoral Low priority traffic that can be buffered or have packet loss in case of fiber cut

4. 10xGbE & CWDM • Several companies have announced long haul GbE and CWDM with transceivers at 50km spacing • 10GbE coming shortly • Costs are as little as $12K US per node (or transceiver) • Future versions will allow rate adaptive clocking for use with “gopher bait” fiber, auto discovery, CPE self manage • Excellent jitter specification • Most network management and signaling done at IP layer • Anybody with LAN experience can build a long haul WAN – all you need is dark fiber • Still some issues remain with OAM&P and frame jitter

5. Market drivers for GbE in the WAN • Many ISPs, regional networks, municipalities, school districts are purchasing dark fiber or building dark fiber networks up to 1000 km rather than managed bandwidth • With dark fiber increased bandwidth only entails upgraded equipment costs and no additional monthly charges • Significant savings in relocating servers to central site and using VoIP • Also many carriers willing to sell “gopher bait” fiber (fiber that does not meet stringent SONET/DWDM requirements) at a discount • As such, cost of transmission equipment is becoming a significant factor versus cost of fiber • SONET and ATM networks require specialized engineering knowledge and skills • Customers want a technology in the WAN they are familiar with and that is easily extensible from the LAN e.g. Ethernet • Don’t require the same reliability as telco systems

6. Optical Networks for the Rest of Us • With customer owned dark fiber, 10GbE and 4 channel CWDM anybody can build a 40Gbps network up to 1000km or greater at a fraction of cost of traditional telco network • May not be suitable for mission critical traffic (at least not yet) • But ideal for high bandwidth Internet to the school, small business and home • Ring structures are a customer option – not a mandatory requirement • The driver is NOT new applications, but cost savings –1 year payback • Typical cost is one time $20K US per school for a 20 year IRU • In Ottawa we are deploying a 60km- 96 strand network connecting 22 institutions – cost $500K US

7. Historical Context • In the 80’s the Information Highway was conceived as being a “gateway” service that would be operated by telcos and cablecos • They would define and deliver the services to the end used • But then came along the Internet… • Internet was built by research and education community as set of independent peering networks that exchanged information by a mutually agreed upon set of protocols – TCP/IP • There was no hierarchy or gateways as in the traditional carrier centric view of the world • The Internet empowered the end user not only to be a consumer of services but also an originator of services

8. Where are we going? • Today the Internet is “virtual” network riding on top of a traditional “connection oriented” network of cooper and fiber • With optical technology such as customer owned dark fiber, customer owned wavelengths, 10GbE etc we can extend the model of the Internet as tool to empower the user to build networks autonomous peering optical • The future telecommunication’s world may be dominated by thousands of customer owned networks that peer at the physical as well as at the virtual level, “Optical Networks for the Rest of Us” • A national or provincial K-12 network with its own wavelengths and dark fiber • A national bank network with its own wavelengths and dark fiber • A national health network with its own wavelengths and dark fiber • A radical departure from the “carrier centric” view of the universe

9. 3 Different Views SONET access ring Telco Network 99.999% reliability only in the SONET Ring for the telco, no guarantees for the customer CO Cableco Network 99.999% reliability only in the SONET Ring for the cableco, no guarantees for the customer ISP B Customer Empowered Network 99.999% reliability to the customer but no guarantees for the ISP ISP A 2 separate dark fiber builds ISP C

10. Customer Empowered Networks Dark fiber Network City C Dark fiber or CWDM Network City A ISP B ISP D ISP C ISP A Dim Wavelength Customer achieves 99.999 reliability by multi-home to different ISPs Optical Label Switched Router Long Haul DWDM ISP C ISP A First Dark fiber Network City B ISP B Second Dark Fiber Network

11. New Challenges and Opportunities • “Customer empowered networks” present a whole new set of research challenges: • Peering and topology protocols in the optical domain – what will be the equivalent to BGP and OSPF in the optical domain • Multi Protocol Lambda Switching? • Defining LSP attributes such as power level, wavelength, encoding, etc? • Interdomain optical MPLS? • Customer controlled establishment of wavelengths, routing and service delivery • Auto discovery of wavelengths? • Management and interface systems, etc, etc