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Metabolic System and Exercise

Metabolic System and Exercise. EXS 558 Lecture #4 September 21, 2005. Review Questions #1-3. What is the primary role of hormones? Maintain homeostasis Most hormone secretion is modulated through what biological process? Negative Feedback Why is this process effective? Self-limiting.

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Metabolic System and Exercise

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  1. Metabolic System and Exercise EXS 558 Lecture #4 September 21, 2005

  2. Review Questions #1-3 • What is the primary role of hormones? • Maintain homeostasis • Most hormone secretion is modulated through what biological process? • Negative Feedback • Why is this process effective? • Self-limiting

  3. Review Question #4 • Name three mechanisms which affect circulating concentrations of hormones? 1.) exercise (physical stress) 2.) psychological stress 3.) fluid volume stress

  4. Review Question #5 • Exercise can induce alterations in the endocrine system other than changing the circulating concentrations of hormones. Give an example of how this is possible. • Down-Regulation: the # of hormone receptors is decreased to reduce the possibility of contact between the “lock and key”

  5. Review Question #6 • What is one of the major differences between steroid and peptide hormones? • Steroid hormones are lipid soluble allowing them to pass through the cell membrane to their intracellular receptors, while peptide hormones react with receptors housed in the cell membrane

  6. Review Questions #7, 8 • TRUE/FALSE • A single training session has been shown to decrease peripheral testosterone levels above resting levels • TRUE/FALE • Type of training program affects circulating testosterone levels

  7. Review Question #9 • What would be the expected testosterone response to a 10 mile run (~70 minutes)? a.) no response, endurance activity has no effect b.) ↑ circulating testosterone levels c.) ↓ circulating testosterone levels d.) first it increases and then decreases

  8. Review Question #10 • Which of the following has the LEAST effect on influencing a growth hormone response? a.) sleep b.) nutrition c.) exercise d.) environment

  9. Literature Review Techniques • SUNY Cortland Memorial Library Databases • http://library.cortland.edu/databases.asp • Search Options 1.) By Subject: Exercise Science & Sport Studies a.) MEDLINE b.) SportDiscus c.) Physical Education Index 2.) Fulltext Database (.PDF available online)

  10. Literature Review Techniques (continued) • Find IT Button • Reference  Save Citation Information (APA) • Google Scholar • http://scholar.google.com/advanced_scholar_search • Cortland ESSS Librarian • hollistera@cortland.edu

  11. Literature Review Techniques(continued) • Search for a recent REVIEW article close to your topic, if possible • Print online abstracts of all articles you may include within your review of literature • Use ILL early  it takes time to receive articles

  12. Metabolic System & Exercise

  13. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Training Aerobic (endurance) training leads to w Improved blood flow, and w Increased capacity of muscle fibers to generate ATP Metabolic and Morphological Changes Anaerobic training leads to w Increased muscular strength, and w Increased tolerance for acid-base imbalances during highly intense effort. Metabolic Changes

  14. Energy Systems • Phosphagen Energy System (ATP-PC) • Cytoplasm • High-intensity: Up to 30 seconds • Glycolytic Energy System • Cytoplasm • High-intensity: 1-3 minutes • Oxidative Energy System • Mitochondria • Activity > 3 minutes

  15. ATP • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) common currency of useful (chemical) energy used by cells • Principle function of ATP • Energize synthesis of important cellular components • Energize muscular contractions • Synthesis of organic molecules used for structure and function • Energize active transport

  16. ATP (continued) • Energy released from ATP caused by ATPase ATP + water  ADP + Pi + 7,000 cals/mol • 1 mole of energy of ATP stores 12,000 cals, however, the real function of ATP is to transfer energy! - energy stored in ATP will sustain life for about 90 seconds

  17. ATP-PC Energy Source • ATP-PC (Phosphocreatine) stored within the muscle • Immediate use • PC is major storage depot for energy (13,000 cals/mol) • It transfers phosphate group to ADP, so it can become ATP again • Catabolic breakdown of food substrate leads to synthesis of ATP • When subjects in study are brought to maximal exertion levels, ATP in muscles has not dropped much, but PC levels are way down

  18. ATP-PC Energy Source (continued) • PC supply exhausted in ~30 seconds • PC levels decline rapidly during intense exercise (sprinting) • Resynthesis of PC • ½ recovered in 20-30 seconds • Last ½ may take up to 20 minutes • Most replenished within 3 minutes • Implications for workout design

  19. ATP and PC During Sprinting

  20. Glucose Breakdown and Synthesis Glycolysis—Breakdown of glucose; may be anaerobic or aerobic Glycogenesis—Process by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose to be stored in the liver Glycogenolysis—Process by which glycogen is broken into glucose-1-phosphate to be used by muscles

  21. Breakdown of Sugar (Glycolysis) • 10 step pathway leads to synthesis of 2 pyruvate molecules and net production of 2 ATP molecules (or 3) • All reactions in cytosol and none require O2 • Fate of pyruvate depends on O2 • If inadequate available (anaerobic), pyruvate converted to lactate • If enough O2, converted to acetyl-CoA

  22. Breakdown of Sugar (Glycolysis) • Where does the glucose come from? • From the blood (1) through CHO digestion or (2) from the breakdown of glycogen in the liver • From glycogen broken down in the muscle • Gluconeogenesis = process of metabolizing glycogen into glucose • Glycogen metabolized = 3 ATP • Glucose metabolized = 2 ATP

  23. Role of Lactic Acid • Nociceptors (pain receptors) are sensitive to changes in the cellular H+ levels • ↑ lactic acid • interfere with production of ATP • Hinder binding of calcium to troponin (ECC) *The combined actions of the ATP-PC and glycolytic systems allow muscles to generate force in the absence of oxygen; thus these two energy systems are the major energy contributors during the early minutes of high-intensity exercise.

  24. Oxidative Energy Source w Relies on oxygen to breakdown fuels for energy w Produces ATP in mitochondria of cells w Can yield much more energy (ATP) than anaerobic systems w Is the primary method of energy production during endurance events

  25. Oxidative Production of ATP 1. Aerobic glycolysis—cytoplasm 2. Krebs cycle—mitochondria (byproduct = CO2) 3. Electron transport chain—mitochondria 1 molecule  39 ATP Oxidative energy system primarily uses CHO and FAT but during periods of CHO and prolonged exercise significant amounts of protein can be metabolized

  26. Aerobic Glycolysis & Electron Transport Chain

  27. Krebs Cycle

  28. Oxidation of Fat • Lipolysis = breakdown of fat for energy • triglycerides metabolized into glycerol and 3 free fatty acids • Free fatty acids used as primary energy source • Free fatty acids enter the mitochondria and undergo β-oxidation • Energy production from 1 molecule of fatty acid (palmitic acid C16H32O2) yields 129 ATP

  29. Protein Metabolism w Body uses little protein during rest and exercise (less than 5% to 10%). w Some amino acids that form proteins can be converted into glucose. w The nitrogen in amino acids (which cannot be oxidized) makes the energy yield of protein difficult to determine.

  30. Energy Source Interaction • ALL three sources will supply a portion of the needed energy for exercise at all times • One system will predominate depending on the intensity of the exercise

  31. Oxidative Capacity • Determined by: • Oxidative enzyme activity within the muscles • Fiber-type composition and # of mitochondria • Oxygen availability and uptake in lungs • Endurance Training • What does training effect?

  32. wCarbohydrate oxidation involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to produce up to 39 ATP per molecule of glycogen aerobically. (continued) Review Ideas wThe ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems produce small amounts of ATP anaerobically and are the major energy contributors in the early minutes of high-intensity exercise. wThe oxidative system uses oxygen and produces more energy than the anaerobic systems.

  33. Review Ideas (continued) w Fat oxidation involves b oxidation of free fatty acids, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to produce more ATP than carbohydrate, but it is O2-limited. w Protein generally contributes little to energy production (less than 5%), and its oxidation is complex because amino acids contain nitrogen, which cannot be oxidized. w The oxidative capacity of muscle fibers depends on their oxidative enzyme levels, fiber-type composition, how they have been trained, and oxygen availability.

  34. Metabolic Adaptations to High Intensity Training • ATP-PC Energy System • No change to resting levels of ATP or PC • Resting [ ] of enzymes may be positively altered • Causes activity of ↑ creatine kinase and myokinase • ADP + ADP  ATP + AMP • AMP leaves muscle and acts as signal to slow down glycolysis • Parra et al. (2000) • 2 weeks of daily sprint training • ↑ elevation of creatine kinase • 6 weeks of daily sprint training with longer rest intervals • no change of creatine kinase

  35. Metabolic Adaptations to High Intensity Training (continued) • Glycolytic Energy System • ↑ glyoclytic enzymes (10-25%) • Resistance training alone CAN NOT stimulate metabolic changes • Implications “These studies suggest that athletes training for anaerobic sports need to include both resistance training and sprint or interval exercises in their conditioning programs in order to maximize their physiological adaptation for the sport” J. Hoffman

  36. Metabolic Adaptations to High Intensity Training (continued) • Oxidative Energy System • High intensity training ↑ mitochondrial enzyme activity • When duration of exercises exceeds 3 minutes • Does not match gains from endurance training • Implications • An athlete who trains anaerobically may still generate some aerobic capacity improvements

  37. Metabolic Adaptations to High Intensity Training (continued) • Improvements to buffering capactiy • Allows greater [ ] of lactic acid before effecting muscular output • ↑ 12-50% from a 8 week high intensity training program • ↑ 9.6% of blood lactate after 6 weeks of high intensity cycling program (Jacobs et al., 1987)

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