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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century. Timeline. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis. “Little Ice Age” Small drop in average temperatures Famine Heavy rain (1315 – 1317) led to food shortages

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

  2. Timeline

  3. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis • “Little Ice Age” • Small drop in average temperatures • Famine • Heavy rain (1315 – 1317) led to food shortages • Population growth up to 1300 put pressure on food supply

  4. The Black Death • Most devastating natural disaster in European History • Bubonic Plague • Rats and Fleas • Yersinia Pestis • Spread of the Plague • Originated in Asia • Arrived in Europe in 1347 • Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas • Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European population (19 – 38 million dead in four years) • Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369

  5. Map 11.1: Spread of the Black Death

  6. Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague • Plague as a punishment from God • The flagellants • Attacks against Jews • Violence

  7. Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval • Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural products = Drop in aristocratic incomes • Statute of Laborers (1351) sought to limit wages • Social Mobility • Peasant Revolts • Jacquerie in France (1358) • English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) • Revolts in the Cities • Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)

  8. Chart 11.1: Background to the Hundred Years’ War: Kings of France and England

  9. The Hundred Years’ War • Causes • Entanglement of French and English royal families • King Edward III (1327 – 1377) claims French crown • French seize duchy of Gascony (1337) sparking war • Conduct and Course of the War • Differences in the armies • Battle of Crecy (1346) • Henry V (1413 – 1422) • Battle of Agincourt (1415) • Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne) • Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) • Siege of Orleans • Captured by allies of the English in 1430 • Burned at the stake (1431) • Gunpowder • War ends with French victory (1453)

  10. Map 11.2: The Hundred Years’ War

  11. Political Instability • Breakdown of Feudal Institutions • Scutage • New Royal Dynasties • Financial Problems • Parliaments gain power

  12. The Growth of England’s Political Institutions • Edward III (1327 – 1377) • Parliament • House of Lords • House of Commons • Richard II (1377 – 1399) • Aristocratic factionalism • Henry IV (1399 – 1413) • Deposed Richard II

  13. The Problems of the French Kings • Weakness of the French Monarchy • Estates-General • 1357 meeting • Charles VI (1380 – 1422) • Competition between the dukes of Burgundy and Orléans to control Charles

  14. Germany & Italy • The German Monarchy • Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire • Hundreds of States • Elective Monarchy • The Golden Bull (1356) • Weak kings

  15. The States of Italy • The States of Italy • Lack of centralized authority • Republicanism to Tyranny • Development of regional states • Milan • Florence • Venice

  16. The Ponte Vecchio – Venice

  17. The Decline of the Church • Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State • Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303) • Conflict with Philip the Fair of France • Unam Sanctam (1302) • Captured by French at Anagni • Clement V (1305 – 1314) • The Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1377) • Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige • Captives of the French monarchy • New sources of revenue • Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380)

  18. Bridge at Avignon – The City of the Popes

  19. The Great Schism • Papacy returns to Rome in 1378 • Rival popes elected • Pope Urban VI • Pope Clement VII • The Great Schism divides Europe • Calls for systematic reform • Marsiglio of Padua (c. 1270 – 1342), Defender of the Peace • Conciliarism • Council of Pisa (1409) • Deposed both popes and elected a new pope • Popes refuse to step down • Results in three popes • Council of Constance (1414 – 1418) • End of the Schism • Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)

  20. Popular Religion • Trends • Mechanical paths to salvation • Mysticism and Lay Piety • Meister Eckhart (1260 – 1327) • Modern Devotion • Gerard Groote (1340 – 1384) and the Brothers of the Common Life • Unique Female Mystical Experiences

  21. Changes in Theology • Challenges to Scholastic Thought • William of Occam (1285 – 1329) • Nominalism • Consequences of William’s ideas

  22. The Development of Vernacular Literature and New Directions in Art • Dante (1265 – 1321) • The Divine Comedy • Petrarch (1304 – 1374) • Sonnets • Boccaccio (1313 – 1375) • Decameron • Chaucer (c. 1340 – 1400) • The Canterbury Tales • Christine de Pizan (c. 1364 – 1430) • The Book of the City of Ladies • Art and the Black Death • Giotto (1266 – 1337) • Morbidity of late fourteenth-century art

  23. Giotto, Lamentation

  24. Change & Invention • Changes in Urban Life • Greater Regulation • Marriage • Gender Roles • Male: active and domineering • Women: passive and submissive • Medieval children • New Directions in Medicine • Hierarchy • Trends • Inventions and New Patterns • The mechanical clock • New conception of time • Gunpowder and cannons

  25. A Medical Textbook

  26. Mechanical Clock in the Prague Town Hall

  27. Discussion Questions • What impact did the Black Death have on medieval European society? • What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War? • Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in the Hundred Years’ War? • How did the Hundred Years’ War impact the relations between the English King and his Parliament? • Why did the stay at Avignon lead to a decline in papal prestige? • How was the Great Schism finally ended? • How did Dante, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan reflect the values of their respective societies? • How did the Black Death affect urban and family life?

  28. Web Links • ORB – Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies • The End of Europe’s Middle Ages • The Black Death, 1347 – 1350 • Medieval Dance of Death • De Re Militari – Society for Medieval Military History • The Age of King Charles V • The World of Dante • Geoffrey Chaucer

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