Adapting and Mitigating Climate Change 3-7 September, 2017

1. Adapting and Mitigating Climate Change 3-7 September, 2017 Amsterdam & Rotterdam, The Netherlands

2. County Government of Kilifi Republic of Kenya Name: NGETI, Reuben.Profession: Physical Planner. (Member of Architects Association of Kenya, Town and County Planners Association of Kenya, Kenya Institute of Planners), Registered Physical Planner.Position: Director of Physical Planning, Urban Devpt and Energy.(Duty to coordinate planning and control the use and/or development of land).Institution: County Government of Kilifi.Nationality: Kenyan. Goal: 1. Effectively Manage Land for Development. 2. Development and Management of Affordable and Quality Housing. 3. Development and Utilization of Clean Energy.

3. KENYA: Facts and Figures Economy • Total GDP 70 billion USD. • GDP growing steadily by 5.5 % average. • GDP per capita is 1,500 USD. Governance System • Kenya is a multi-party democratic state. • Two levels of government created on equal basis by Constitution i.e. National Government and County Government. • Are inter-dependent and distinct (Art 6 (2). • Have clear mandates to provide range of services (4th Schedule of the Constitution). Poverty index • Absolute poverty level of 45.9 % Rural and 33.7% Urban Causes of poverty • Low productivity levels (low uptake of technology) • High population growth rates, (3.5%) • Frequent natural disasters-floods; droughts • Poor physical infrastructure; • Gender inequality in access to productive assets-land, finances. Country Population Population Country total population approx. 48 Million Urban population is approx. 16.8 Million (35 % of total population). Growing steadily at 4.3% per annum Kenya Vision 2030 estimates that by 2030 Kenya population will be 50% urban. Urban population generates over 65% of national GDP.

4. Kenya’s land area about 582 646 km2, of which 2.2 % is surface water. • Surface water supplies 65% of country’s 30.7 bm3 annual renewable water • 80% of Kenya’s land area is ASALs and hosts 10% of population. • Forests, woodlands, national reserves & game parks cover 10% of Kenya. • Agricultural supports 80% of Kenyans and contributes 25 % of GDP. • 90% of farming in Kenya is rain fed. • Urban areas occupy only 0.1 % of the Kenya total area Kenya: Salient Features • Evidence of Climate Change • Rising temperatures: max. 0.2 - 1.3°C, • min. 0.7 - 2.0°C • Irregular and unpredictable rainfall. • Increased frequency of intense rainfall. • Melting of mountain glaciers. • Increasing frequency of ENSO events (frequent occurrence of droughts and floods). • Increasing water deficit.

5. System of Governance: Devolution • There are six levels of devolution. • Principle: Decentralisation of functions and services to extent that is efficient and practicable. • The law provides for the following levels: - • The County levelheaded by Governor. • The Sub-County level (also electoral constituency) headed by a Sub-County Administrator. • The Ward level-represented by an elected County Assembly Member and headed by Ward Administrator. • The Village level, headed by a Village Administrator. • City/Municipal or Town level headed by Manager or Administrator respectively. • The law allows County Governments to further decentralise functions and services below the village level.

6. CASE STUDY: Malindi Town • Poverty Index • Absolute poverty level of 71.7 %. • Revenue • Tourism is the economic base of City exceptionally popular with Italian tourist who own over 70% of hotel and entertainment investments. • Local resources growing at average rate of 7.2 % per annum • Currently annual local revenue is EURO 2,427,028. • Add transfer from national government total is EURO 5,9485,74.5 • Located at Malindi Bay at the mouth of River Sabaki. • Is second largest city along Kenya coastafter Mombasa. • Tropical type of climate annual temperature of 300C to 340C. • Part of towns central area below sea level • Demographic Characteristics • Current city population is 259309 • Towns growth rate average 3.7% (high of 11.9% in 1980s) • Population density 4722

7. CASE STUDY: Malindi LAND USE 405 km2 FARMLAND MMR ARABUKO FOREST M-W MR WMP Down town Malindi • 272km2 Key MMRMalindi Marine Reserve WMP Watamu Marine Park W-MMRWatamu -Malindi Marine Reserve

8. CASE STUDY: Malindi Land Use Distribution User Area(KM2) % Residential 14.90 29.26 Agriculture 11.22 22.05 Transportation 4.49 8.83 Recreational 0.95 1.86 Public Purpose 1.08 2.13 Public Utility 0.41 0.80 Undeveloped 8.49 16.67 Industrial 0.08 0.16 Educational 1.20 2.35 Conservation 0.01 0.02 Commercial 2.43 4.78 Beach 0.81 1.59 Water Mass 4.84 9.51 Total 50.91 100 Mambrui Malindi Watamu

9. County Panning Generally • Planning is a devolved function. • Planning taking place at Departmental, Town/Urban, Sub-County and Ward levels (designated as planning authorities). • Designated planning authorities shall appropriately organise for effective implementation of planning function within the County. Urban Governance • Management of City/Municipality vested in County government and administered by a Board, Manager and other staff or officers. •City/Municipality to operate within a framework of Integrated Development Planning (IDeP). • IDeP: needs assessment of localities, spatial development framework, town institutional operational strategy, sectoral plans and key performance indicators and targets. • IDeP is basis of policies and plans including disaster preparedness and development control.

10. Challenges linked to Climate Change • Droughts • Erosion and siltation at mouth of river Sabaki • Sea-level fluctuation • Land accretion • Increased emergence of vector borne diseases e.g. dengue fever, malaria • Loss of lives • Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) -1997/1998 and 2006. • Flooding and massive sedimentation • Decreased fresh water availability • Extensive damage to infrastructure • Loss of ecosystem services/biodiversity • Loss of employment in tourism industry Wall built to protect shore line Billionaires Club Mouth of Sabaki River Erosion/Siltation

11. Responses to Climate Change Challenges National Level Intervention • Climate Change Act 2016 • The Act applicable to all sectors at National and County governments levels….. • Mainstream climate change responses into development planning; • Formulate programmes to enhance resilience and adaptive capacity to impacts of climate change; • Promote low carbon technologies, reduce emissions intensity by facilitating uptake of low carbon technologies and climate resilient development (see) CDM-slide 16; • Facilitate capacity development for public participation in climate change responses through awareness creation, consultation, representation and access to information…. • National Wildlife Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. • National Climate Change Framework Policy • Directorate of Climate Change • Communities in the south contribute less but are among the most vulnerable; • Low adaptive capacity. • Have no control over global mitigation. • Implement appropriate adaptation strategies to ensure survival Approach • Collaboration • Integrated planning and management • Adaptation • The National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) 2010. • National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP), 2013-2017. • Operationalises the NCCRS 2010 • Multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral consultations • Wide ranging interventions being implemented across public and private sectors

12. Actors Involved • Ministry of Water and Irrigation • Facilitates sustainable management and development of water resources for national development. • Reclamation of degraded lands for sustainable development. • Others • National Economic and Social Council (NESC) • Advisory to Government on policies required to accelerate social and economic development of the country. • Climate Change Unit at Devolution and Planning • Provides technical support MDP • Participates in preparation and implementation of national climate change policies, strategies and action plans • National Environment Council (NEC) • Responsible for policy formulation on climate change mitigation, adaptation and finance. • Sets national goals and objectives and determines policies and priorities on climate change responses. • National Council for Science & Technology (NCST) • Advisory on matters of Science, Technology, Innovation and Research. • National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) • General supervision and coordination over all matters relating to drought management and climate change adaptation. • Ministries • Ministry of Environment • Responsible for coordination of climate change response • Houses National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) & • National Environment Management Authority(NEMA) • Spearheads development and implementation of climate change policies, strategies and action plans. • Focal point for UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). • Ministry of Devolution and Planning • National development planning • Leads process to mainstream climate change into national planning • Ministry of Finance/National Treasury • Responsible for the allocation of climate response related funds from the exchequer. • Ministry of Energy and Petroleum • Facilitate provision of clean, sustainable, affordable and secure energy for national development • Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries • Promote and facilitate production of food and agricultural raw materials for food security. • Enhance sustainable use of land resources . • Established a climate change unit to coordinates climate related issues across the agriculture sector.

13. Actors Involved Climate Change Units/Desk Offices • Established in Government institutions e.g. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Wildlife Service(KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI). • NEMAis the DNA for Kenya • Serves as the National CDM Clearing House. • Works closely with representatives drawn from various sectors to review CDM Projects. County Governments • Environment and climate change is a function of the national and county government and is one of concurrent jurisdictions across both levels. Consulting /Advisory Agencies • International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). • Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN). • ClimateCare Kenya • International Development Law Organization (IDLO) • Acclimatise UK • ClimateCare Kenya • World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) • LTS-Africa • Adam Smith International • Vivid Economics • HTSPE • Matrix Development Consultants • Professional Training Consultants (PTC) • Ricardo-AEA UK • Baastel • Arid Lands Information Network (ALIN)

14. What Has Treasury Done? • Established Carbon Finance desk. • Set up Kenya National Climate Fund. • Developed Carbon Finance and Emissions Trading Policy. • Developed climate change financing mechanism and carbon trading platform. • Carrying out advocacy and awareness on carbon financing. • Supporting climate investment policies i.e. guaranteed access to grid for IPPs, creating financial incentives through Feed in Tariffs(FiTs). • Enforcing regulatory instruments, fiscal incentives for making climate related investment more attractive.

15. Mitigation - CDM Activity in Kenya • Over 30 CDM Projects Registered and Trading • MW Bagasse Based Cogeneration Project by Mumias Sugar Company Limited (MSCL) • Olkaria II Geothermal Expansion Project • Olkaria III Phase 2 Geothermal Expansion Project • Aberdare Range/Mt. Kenya Small Scale Reforestation Initiative-Kirimara-Kithithina Small Scale A/R Project • Aberdare Range/ Mt. Kenya Small Scale Reforestation Initiative Kamae-Kipipiri Small Scale A/R Project • Lake Turkana 310 MW Wind Power Project • Redevelopment of Tana Hydro Power Station Project • Funding through Climate Change Adaption in Africa by DFID, IDRC, SCCF, USAID, WB & Wetland International including Japan/UNDP

16. Local Level Responses • Resource Mobilisation • Legal and Institutional framework to: • Source (Internal and External) climate finances-through FDI and multilateral or bilateral funding. • Enhance County government capacity to engage in carbon asset activities, viability of domestic carbon asset production and access to international carbon markets. • Promote private sector involvement in climate finance opportunities. • Establish fund for climate resilience and adaptive capacity and low carbon growth. • In the process of establishing institutional frameworks to mainstream climate change responses across sectors and into Integrated Development Planning. • Intends to facilitate public awareness /participation on climate change response efforts and Action Planning. • Support adaptive capacity, resilience and strengthen capacities for DRR (reduce vulnerability). • Establishment of framework for resource mobilisation. The City has not yet been able to access funding for climate change response

17. Responses to Local Urban Challenges ..Cont. • Kilifi General • SIFOR-Smallholder Innovation for Resilience project aims to strengthen bicultural innovation for food security in the face of climate change See next slide

18. Initiative of Netherlands Development Organisation-SNV

19. Conclusions and Lesson Learnt • A bottom-up, (County to National) approach important in informing adaptation and response planning: • Solid base for data collection, validation and support for prioritisation process. • Provides adequate knowledge base within which can be embed practical, low cost and sustainable solutions. • Strong commitment/leadership at highest level of government: • Enhance credibility and stimulates engagement of actors. • A more synchronized/coordinated approach to adaptation planning is necessary: • Prevent delays and duplication of work. • Need to develop centralised system/institution to manage multi-dimensional, multisectoral and multidisciplinary problems/issues that are associated with climate change. • Prioritising adaptation options is challenging: • Identifying adaptation options is possible but prioritising them is hard particularly on transport and urban environments-quantitative risk and vulnerability modeling!. • Inability to compare vulnerabilities across sectors compromise decision making.

20. Conclusions and Lesson Learnt • Sector based guidance: • Prioritisation process guided by sectors advantageous because offers further insight into development benefits of each option. • Dedicate enough resources: • Sufficient resources (financial, personnel and time) required for effectively stakeholders mobilisation in order to gather as much data and information as possible. • Stakeholder engagement is key: • Effectively pool together all stakeholders-policy and decision makers, practitioners, end-users and local communities to collectively address the imposed threats/risks • Plan ahead, based on realistic scenarios, to mitigate and/or adapt to impacts. • Baseline data???-iterative-in space and time

21. SHUKRAN