Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic identities in Contemporary Censuses: A Global Perspective

1. Indigenous peoples, ethnicity and identities in contemporary censuses: A global perspective source: www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm* * *Robert McCaa University of Minnesota Population Centerrmccaa@umn.edu

2. * Commercial *IPUMS-Internationalwww.ipums.org/internationalCensus microdata: 1960-present

3. What is IPUMS-International? …a global collaboratory of National Statistical Institutes & Universities to: • 1. Inventory the world’s census microdata, 1960+ • 2. Archive census microdata and documentation * * * • 3. Integrate census microdata, 1960+ • a. use standards of UNSD, Eurostat, ISCO, ISCED, etc. • b. facilitate comparative research in time and space • 4. Anonymize census microdata to preserve statistical confidentiality, using highest standards • 5. Disseminaterestricted access, custom extracts to approved researchers/research projects at no cost

4. What are “census microdata”?:anonymized, computerized census records of individuals, households & dwellings Person number Sex Age 12100102600700720000011210000104 22200202600700720000011210000104 32300100600700720000012123000000 42300200400700000000000000000000 52300200200700000000000000000000 62300200000700000000000000000000 Study any desired set of characteristics. Easier to integrate than tables. Facilitates comparative research.

5. IPUMS-International, September 2006dark green = disseminatingmedium green = integratinglightest green = talking 66 countries, 59% world's population Mollweide projection

6. End of CommercialIPUMS-Internationalwww.ipums.org/international

7. Indigenous Peoples in 2000 round censuses (14 countries)Every country with an indigenous peoples question is participating in IPUMS-International, except NZ and AU

8. Identities in contemporary censuses: questionnaires of 140 countries (97.1% of world pop.) • UN Statistics Division Principles and Recommendations: “indigenous peoples”: nothing in 1997; 3 paragraphs in 2006 • Examples: Canada, USA, India, South Africa, Zambia, etc. • Identities: census practices in 140 countries7 dimensions of identities in contemporary censuses: • Nativity (country of birth) 131 countries 88% pop. • Citizenship 101 45% • Ethnicity/Ancestry/Culture 66 46% • Race 19 30% • Indigenous peoples 14 12% • Language 71 42% • Religion 74 50% • Identities in IPUMS-International harmonized microdata for 13 countries--5 with “indigenous peoples”: Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, and USA.

9. UN Statistics Division, Principles and Recommendations. Revisions 1 (1997) and 2 (draft, 2006) (5 slides)

10. Rev 2 (2006): UNSD Principles and RecommendationsSection on “indigenous people” 2006: 3 paragraphs; 1997: not mentioned Cautious about suitability and sensitivity of asking indigenous people questions in a country’s census. Special care to demonstrate to respondents that appropriate data protection and disclosure control measures are in place. Respondents should be informed of potential uses of the data. Respondents should be involved in data collection: promotes capacity building and facilitates data collection/dissemination. Increasing importance in the context of socio-economic situation, inequities, and policies affecting indigenous peoples. Justification: environmental management, social organization, monitor human development, etc. Data should be collected through self declaration with the option of multiple criteria, recognizing the diversity of the sub-population.

11. Rev 1 (1997): UNSD Principles and Recommendations on identities (no section on indigenous peoples) • “According to national need”: generally, these items are explained in short paragraphs • Ethnicity/Ancestry/Culture: “No internationally relevant criteria can be recommended.” “ethnicity” not mentioned; “ethnic” occurs 29 times. • Race --mentioned in paragraph on ethnicity • Language: “International comparability is not an issue.” • Religion: according to national needs, identify either 1) religious or spiritual belief of preference, or 2) affiliation with an organized group • For purposes of international comparability—use international standard codes • Nativity (country of birth) • Citizenship (country)

12. Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared understanding of history and territorial origins (regional and national) of an ethnic group or community as well as on particular cultural characteristics such as language and/or religion.Respondents’ understanding or views about ethnicity, awareness of their family background, the number of generations they have spent in a country, and the length of time since immigration are all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census. Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a process than a static concept, and so ethnic classification should be treated with moveable boundaries.--United Nations Statistics Division Draft Revision II Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses (June 12, 2006), 2.142 Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared understanding of history and territorial origins (regional and national) of an ethnic group or community as well as on particular cultural characteristics such as language and/or religion.Respondents’ understanding or views about ethnicity, awareness of their family background, the number of generations they have spent in a country, and the length of time since immigration are all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census.Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a process than a static concept, and so ethnic classification should be treated with moveable boundaries.--United Nations Statistics Division Draft Revision II Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses (June 12, 2006), 2.142 Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared understanding of history and territorial origins (regional and national) of an ethnic group or community as well as on particular cultural characteristics such as language and/or religion.Respondents’ understanding or views about ethnicity, awareness of their family background, the number of generations they have spent in a country, and the length of time since immigration are all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census. Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a process than a static concept, and so ethnic classification should be treated with moveable boundaries.--United Nations Statistics Division Draft Revision II Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses (June 12, 2006), 2.142

13. Rev 2 (2006): UNSD Principles and RecommendationsSection on ethnicity is greatly expanded; “ethnicity” occurs 16 times, “ethnic” 19 times. Cautious about suitability and sensitivity of asking ethnicity questions in a country’s census. Emphasizes increasing importance in the context of migration, integration and policies affecting minority groups. Special care to demonstrate to respondents that appropriate data protection and disclosure control measures are in place. Respondents should be informed of potential uses of the data. Broadly defined based on shared history, territorial origins and particular cultural characteristics such as language/religion. Justification: demographic trends, employment practices, income distributions, educational levels, migration patterns, family composition, social support, health conditions, etc. Data should be collected through self declaration with the option of multiple declarations.

14. “Nationality” effects on fertility: the case of China, 2000: Average Number of Births by Women’s Nationality

15. 2. Examples: Canada, USA, India, South Africa, Zambia, Hungary, etc. (9 slides) Note: analysis is based on national population census forms—does not include special indigenous people censuses.

16. Canada 2001. 4 questions on indigenous peoples (2 open-ended)

17. Indigenous People: USA 2001

18. India 2001, 5 questions:religion, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, mother tongue, and other languages spoken

19. Multiple meanings of “Ethnicity”:“If Zambian enter tribe, if not mark major racial group”--Zambia, 2000.Other questions: Citizenship, Religion, Predominant Language, and 2nd Language

20. South Africa, 2001, Identity questions: “Population Group”, Language & Religion(plus citizenship and country of birth—not shown)

21. Canada 2001. Many open ended questions: …on ethnic or cultural groups of ancestors,

22. Canada 2001. Many open ended questions: …on religion

23. Canada 2001. 5 questions on languages

24. Hungary 2000: 5 open ended questions on nationalities, languages, and religion (“do not want to answer” is a valid answer)

25. 3. Content analysis of census questions for 140 countries (11 slides)

26. Contemporary Census Questionnairessource: www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm Mollweide projection

27. Contemporary Census Questionnairespink = census form available: 140 countriesdark grey = less than 1 million population (101 places)light grey = no form available: 14 countriessource: www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm Mollweide projection

28. Nativity in contemporary censusesdark green (131 countries) = country of birthpink(9 countries) = no country of birth questionlight grey = no form available or less than 1 million pop.

29. Citizenship or Nativityyellow (101 countries) = citizenshipdark green (131 countries) = nativity (country of birth)pink(6 countries) = no nativity/citizenship questionlight grey = not studied

30. Ethnicity, Nativity or Citizenshipmedium green (66 countries) = ethnicity (ex-USSR = nationality)dark green (131 countries) = country of birthyellow (101 countries) = citizenshippink (3 countries) = no question; light grey = not studied

31. Ethnicity in contemporary censusesmedium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/parents’ country of birth/culture/nationality pink = no ethnicityquestionlight grey = not studied

32. Race or Ethnicitylight green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/colormedium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc.pink = no question; light grey = not studied

33. Indigenous People, Race or Ethnicitybrown (14 countries) = indigenous peoplelight green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/colormedium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc.pink = no question; light grey = not studied

34. Language, Indigenous, Race or Ethnicityyellow (71 countries) = language/mother tonguebrown (14 countries) = indigenous peoplelight green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/colormedium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc.pink = no question; light grey = unknown

35. Religion, Language, Indigenous, Race or Ethnicityred (74 countries) = religionyellow (71 countries) = language/mother tonguebrown (14 countries) = indigenous peoplelight green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/colormedium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc.pink = no question; light grey = unknown

36. 4. Ethnicity in IPUMS-International samples for 47 censuses(4 slides)

37. IPUMS-International: 47 high precision samples 13 countries, ~140 million person records* = question on indigenous peoples

38. IPUMS-International Ethnicity and Language Variables (1 of 2)--frequent, but not comparable

39. IPUMS-International Ethnicity and Language Variables (cont’d).IPUMSI - Variables.htm

40. IPUMS-International Principles and Practices Principles: • Retain all significant detail • Harmonize everything • Use composite coding scheme of multiple digits • First digit stands for concepts common to many censuses • Last digit for concepts that are rarely found • Zero indicates that a concept is not in a census In practice, with respect to identity variables • Many have meaning only in a national context and therefore are harmonized only within country:indigenous people, race, ethnicity, tribes, color, etc. • Others may be integrated across countries:religion, country of birth/citizenship, and language

41. Additional IPUMS documentation:IPUMSI - INDIG Codes.htmIPUMSI - RACE.htmIPUMSI - RACE Codes.htmIPUMSI - RELIG.htmIPUMSI - RELIG Codes.htm

42. 5. In conclusionIdentities in 2010 round of censuses:increasing complexity,increasing volume of data, and increasing access to microdata

43. Thank you.enumeration forms at:www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm* * * * * *Contact: rmccaa@umn.edu