Identity Development (Tatum, 1997, p. 94)

1. “…the task for Whites is to develop a positive White identity based on reality and not on {unacknowledgedprivilege}. Identity Development(Tatum, 1997, p. 94) • “No one was born wanting to be racist, sexist or homophobic. Misinformation is not acquired by free choice, but is imposed on us…” (Sue & Sue, 2003) • WE ALL HAVE A LOT OF UNDOING TO DO According to Janet Helms, “task for people of color is to resist negative societal messages and develop an empowered sense of self in the face of a racist society…”

2. Racial/Cultural Identity Developmental Tasks • Move from a White frame of reference to a positive Black [racial/cultural] frame of reference (Cross, 1971;1972). • Move towards greater acceptance of one’s culture and ethnicity (Ruiz, 1990). • Commitment to eliminating all forms of oppression.

3. Stages of Racial/Cultural Identity Development (Atkinson, Morten, & Sue, 1998) • Conformity-The White Way is the Right Way • A time of “Imposition of Etics” (Berry) • Etic- the process of trying to find universal behaviors, beliefs and values across cultures • Emic- an examination of behaviors and norms within a culture to determine what is important within that culture. • Dissonance-Crisis • Resistance & Immersion-Pendulum Swing • Introspection- Looks at self more, Group views conflict with personal views • Integrative Awareness-There are acceptable and unacceptable aspects to all cultures.

4. White Racial Identity Development • Two Developmental Tasks: • Abandon individual racism • Recognize and oppose institutional and cultural racism.

5. Statuses of White Racial Identity Development (Helms, 1995) • Contact-The White Way is the Right Way • Disintegration- Crisis • Reintegration- Resolves crisis by going back to contact • Pseudo-independent-Paternalzing and “tolerance” of other racial groups • Immersion/Emersion-Redefines own white identity • Autonomy- Uses informed internalized standards for self definition, capacity to relinquish the privileges of racism.

6. WRID (D.W. Sue & Sue, 1990; D.W. Sue, et al., 1998) • Conformity-The White Way is the Right Way, • “We are all the same under this skin” • Desire minorities to assimilate to White norms • States “Color blindness” • A time of “Imposition of Etics” (Berry) • Etic- the process of trying to find universal behaviors, beliefs and values across cultures • Emic- an examination of behaviors and norms within a culture to determine what is important within that culture. • Dissonance-Crisis • Resistance & Immersion- Pendulum Swing • Starts to see racism everywhere • Anger at being sold a “false bill of goods” • Guilt for having been part of the oppressive system • Introspection- Looks at self more, Group views conflict with personal views • Reformulation of what it means to be white • no longer denies: • participation in oppression • benefiting from white privilege or • racism • Integrative Awareness-There are acceptable and unacceptable aspects to all cultures. • Awareness of sociopolitical influences with respect to racism

7. Latino Dimensions of Family and Personal Identity

8. Latino Personal Dimensions Model (Arredondo & Santiago, 2000) “B” Dimensions Acculturation Citizen Status Educational Background Geographic Location Family Relationship -Status/Familismo Hobbies/RecreationalInterests Self-referent labels Economic Status Health Care Practices/beliefs Work Experience Religion/Spirituality/Folk Beliefs “A” Dimensions Age/Generational Status Race Culture/Euro/Mestizo/indigenous Sexual Orientation Gender/Marianismo/Machismo Social Class Language/Regional Accents Phenotype Physical/Mental Status “C” Dimensions Personal/Familial/Historical Eras/Events Sociopolitical Forces

9. Biracial Identity Development Root, Maria (1990). Resolving “other” status: Identity development of biracial individuals. Women & Therapy, 9, 185-205.

10. Assumptions • U.S. Culture divided into white and non-white • White is considered superior to non-white • Privileges and power assumed by whites are desired by non-whites • Racial hierarchy based on similarity to “norm”

11. U.S. Culture Oppressive to biracial people • Biracial persons given little choice as to how they identify • Society is silent on biracialism • Similarity to whites may foster isolation from communities of color because of history of racism perpetrated by whites.

12. It is the marginal status imposed by society rather than the objective mixed race of biracial individuals which poses a severe stress to positive identity development (p. 188).

13. Developmental Challenges • Childhood Awareness of race and the response of people in a child’s environment • Impact influenced by social relationships and the positive/negative messages communicated by family.

14. Adolescence and search for identity may result in increased feelings of alienation • Dating is complicated • Passing becomes an issue • Tokenism (used by white organizations) • Stereotypes (exotic, threatening)

15. Strategies for Resolution of Other Status • Acceptance of identity society assigns • Identification with both racial groups • Identification with a single racial group • Identification with a new racial group

16. Themes Common to Resolution – Biracial person: • Accepts both sides of her or his racial heritage • Has the right to declare how they wish to identify themselves – even if this is discrepant from others’ views • Develops strategies for coping with social resistance or questions about racial identity so that external bias is not internalized.

17. Resolution strategies can change over a lifetime • Looking for acceptance outside of oneself keeps the biracial person trying to live by ‘irrational’ racial classification rules which may keep her or him marginal in any group (p. 203).

18. Lesbian/Gay/Bi-Sexual Identity Development Lifelong Process (deMonteflores & Schultz, 1978): • Adopting a nontraditional identity • Restructuring ones self-concept • Altering ones relations with others and society • Two levels of coming out • To oneself • To others

19. All aspects of identity will have development that accompany them. Peter Russell and Theo Burns plan to come and speak to you more about working with GBLT clients. For now, let’s look at some of the models available

20. Lesbian Identity Development (McCarn & Fassinger, 1996) • Awareness • Exploration • Deepening/Commitment • Internalization/Synthesis

21. Gay Male Identity Development (Fassinger & Miller, 1996) • Internal individual sexual identity development • Contextual group-membership identity development

22. Bi-Sexual Identity Development ? • A Proposed Model of Bisexual Identity Development the Elaborates on Experiential Differences of Women and Men Page Range: 68 - 91DOI: 10.1300/J159v02n04_05 Tom Brown Bisexuals have experiences that make them unique as a group. Thus, it would seem reasonable to have a model of identity development for this group. This article reviews theoretical and empirical models of lesbian, gay, and bisexual identity development. A new model of bisexual identity development is then proposed, containing research from lesbian and gay identity development models to serve as hypotheses. These hypotheses serve to help better understand how women and men might experience the bisexual identity development process differently.

23. Klein’s Grid Model • The Klein Sexual Orientation Grid is shown in the table below. For each person, it sets out the seven component variables of sexual orientation, listed as A through G down the left side. The three columns indicate three different points at which sexual orientation is assessed: the person's past, their present, and their ideal. The person then receives a rating from 1 to 7 for each of the 21 resulting combinations, one rating for each empty box in the chart below. The meanings of the ratings are indicated just below the grid itself. • For variables A to E: • 1 = Other sex only2 = Other sex mostly3 = Other sex somewhat more4 = Both sexes5 = Same sex somewhat more6 = Same sex mostly7 = Same sex only • For variables F and G: • 1 = Heterosexual only2 = Heterosexual mostly3 = Heterosexual somewhat more4 = Hetero/Gay-Lesbian equally5 = Gay/Lesbian somewhat more6 = Gay/Lesbian mostly7 = Gay/Lesbian only • Note that the Klein Grid takes into consideration the fact that many people change their orientation over time. Where a person is today is not necessarily where she or he was in the past -- or, for that matter, where he or she will be or would like to be in the future. The concept of sexual orientation as an ongoing dynamic process is necessary if we are to understand a person's orientation properly in its entirety.

24. It’s all about integration … in a particular context

25. Therapist/Client Identity Development Interactions • It is the therapist’s job to advance their own identity development in the areas of the isms, since they are in the position of power and ethically mandated to be not only competent, but culturally (which integrates all forms of diversity) competent. • And what does Spiderman say comes with power??

26. What if a therapist does not? • Let’s consider a case in which the therapist is at the conformity stage and the client is at the resistance state. • Let’s move beyond the current literature that speaks as if all therapists are of the dominant culture of identities. • OK let’s play with some more combinations….