Conceptual/Theoretical Frameworks Operational Frameworks

1. Please open the packet to the first page only. That means do not go past the article by Russell L. Ackoff.

2. Conceptual/Theoretical FrameworksOperational Frameworks Jack Elliot Interim Assistant Dean Office of Academic Programs College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Professor Agricultural Education The University of Arizona

3. An operational

4. Delineate among: • Theoretical Frameworks • Conceptual Frameworks • Operational Frameworks

5. Frameworks • Limit scope of inquiry • Convey research importance to audiences

6. Qualitative • Learn from the participants • Framework locations • Orientation – chapter 1 • Theory – chapter 2 • Compare – chapter 5

7. Quantitative Framework Essentials • Visually tells your story (research) – the big picture • Identifies literature review categories • Directs your objectives

8. Common Framework Components • Dependent variable/primary characteristic • Variables of influence or characteristics of influence • Intervening, Moderating and Control variables or characteristics

9. Relationship Among Five Types of Variables Independent Variables Dependent Variables Variables of Influence Moderator Variables Intervening Variables Dependent Variables Control Variables This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University

10. Framework Components • Relationships (anticipated and predicted [including direction] from the review of literature) among and between variables and/or characteristics

11. Framework Essentials • Establishes your anticipated analyses (operational framework) • Manages your research design • Directs your instrument development

12. Framework A framework is a model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. (Sekaran, 2001) This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University

13. Quantitative Framework Locations • Theoretical/Conceptual - end of Chapter 2 • A synthesis section explains the relationships and the categories • A transition section leads to. . . • Operational Framework • Beginning of Chapter 3 • Tied to procedures/methodologies

18. Operational Framework Conceptual Framework

19. operational 3 4 2 1

20. Conceptual Framework Factors: Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Natural Capital Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (FAO, Dilts, Bartlet & Pontius, 2001) Farmer associations form because farmers need greater market clout and need lobbying power for government service (FAO, 1998) Group Formation The next 4 slides are courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna & Cliff Bonzo, The Pennsylvania State University

21. Research Questions What is the demographic profile of the participants? What are the group formation factors in the development of IPM farmers’ associations? To what extent does knowledge acquisition impact group formation? What demographic characteristics are related to group formation?

22. Operational Framework Independent variablesDependent Variable Factors: Social Capital Financial Capital Human Capital Natural Capital (Bartlett, 2002; Scoones, 1998) RQ 2 RQ 3 Knowledge Acquisition (Mathias, 1996) Group Formation Demographics: Ethnicity Gender Education Land Holding (Esman & Uphoff, 1984) RQ 4 RQ 1 (Shaw, 1981; Tuckman & Jenson, 1977) RQ = Research Questions 1—4

23. Relationships

24. Theoretical Framework

25. Research Framework or Agenda

27. Conceptual Framework

28. FROM NON-PARTICIPATION TO ENGAGEMENT When people do not participate in programs, their perspectives are lost and do not inform the program - nor do they benefit from programs. Problem People do not participate because… The program They are not does not meet included in their needs the planning They respond to internal or external forces Their values clash with that of program planners Their level of innovativeness is low Explanations Based on… Needs are “Participation” identifiable and means authentic if met, inclusion in all people show up planning levels People possess a level of adoptive readiness Personal and social forces exist and exert influence Congruent values lead to participation Assumptions Argued by… Chain-of-Response Theory: *Cross Resistance Theory: *Quigley *Boshier Adoption and Diffusion Theory: *Rogers Needs Assessment: Functionalists Empowerment *Borich *Arnstein *Scissons *Freire Theories & Theorists Remedied through… Epistemology:Methodology: 1. “Needs” contextualized to include values and interests Functional perspectives better define 2. Values and interests are made explicit people’s orientation to the program “Solutions” Resulting in… Points of divergence and convergence in people’s functional perspectives are identified, resulting in the identification of: Points of leverage to increase people’s participation in programs Result

30. Conceptual Framework Texas Tech

32. Example of _____________ Framework Conceptual Type of Tobacco Location Attitude toward school Smoking Status of Youth (smoker vs. non-smoker) Race After HS plans GPA The next 3 slides are courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University

33. Example of ____________ Framework Operational Sex-role stereotyping Advancement of women to the top Access to information (Sekaran, 2001)

34. Example of ______________ Framework Operational Hygiene factors (Job dissatisfaction) Other variables Job satisfaction of faculty Motivator factors (Job satisfaction) (Bowen and Radhakrishna study)

35. An operational

36. Framework Creation Title < 12 words; no articles & prepositions; debate each word IV MV Intervening variables DV CV This slide is courtesy of Rama Radhadrishna, The Pennsylvania State University

37. Thank You