Phytoremediation Plant products Biofuels Effects of seed spacing on seed germination

1. Phytoremediation • Plant products • Biofuels • Effects of seed spacing on seed germination • Effects of nutrient deprivation • Effects of stresses • Climate/CO2 change • Non-coding RNAs • Biotechnology • Plant movements: flytraps, mimosa, soybeans • Carnivorous plants • Stress responses/stress avoidance • Plant signaling (including neurobiology) • Flowering? • Hormones? • Plant pathology? • Plant tropisms and nastic movements • Root growth responses • Metal toxicity? • Circadian rhythms? • Effects of magnetic fields? • Effects of different colors of light on plant growth?

2. Assignment 1 • Pick a topic that you think is worth studying • Try to convince the group in 5-10 minutes why yours is best • Why it is significant • what is known/what isn’t known • Some plants that we might use • Some experiments that we could perform by the end of the semester.

3. Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane 5) Nuclear Envelope 6) Endosomes 7) Oleosomes

4. endosymbionts • Peroxisomes • Mitochondria 3) Plastids

5. cytoskeleton network of proteins which give cells their shape also responsible for shape of plant cells because guide cell wall formation left intact by detergents that extract rest of cell

6. WATER Plants' most important chemical • most often limits productivity

7. Climate change will alter rainfall Overall prediction is that crops will suffer in many parts of world

8. WATER Plants' most important chemical • most often limits productivity Often >90% of a plant cell’s weight

9. WATER Plants' most important chemical • most often limits productivity Often >90% of a plant cell’s weight Gives cells shape

10. WATER Plants' most important chemical • most often limits productivity Often >90% of a plant cell’s weight Gives cells shape Dissolves many chem

11. WATER • Dissolves many chem • most biochem occurs in water • Source of e- for PS

12. WATER • most biochem occurs in water • Source of e- for PS • Constantly lose water due to PS (1000 H2O/CO2)

13. WATER • most biochem occurs in water • Source of e- for PS • Constantly lose water due to PS • Water transport is crucial!

14. WATER Water transport is crucial! SPAC= Soil Plant Air Continuum • moves from soil->plant->air

15. Plant Water Uptake Water is drawn through plants along the SPAC, using its special props to draw it from the soil into the air

16. WATER Formula = H2O Formula weight = 18 daltons Structure = tetrahedron, bond angle 104.5˚

17. WATER Structure = tetrahedron, bond angle 104.5˚ polar: O is more attractive to electrons than H + on H - on O

18. Water Polarity is reason for water’s properties water forms H-bonds with polar molecules

19. Water Polarity is reason for water’s properties water forms H-bonds with polar molecules Hydrophilic = polar molecules Hydrophobic = non-polar molecules

20. Properties of water • Cohesion = water H-bonded to water

21. Properties of water • Cohesion = water H-bonded to water -> reason for surface tension

22. Properties of water • Cohesion = water H-bonded to water -> reason for surface tension -> why water can be drawn from roots to leaves

23. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else

24. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else • capillary action

25. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else • capillary action • why things dissolve in water

26. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else • Cohesion and adhesion are crucial for water movement in plants!

27. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else • Cohesion and adhesion are crucial for water movement in plants! • Surface tension & adhesion in mesophyll creates force that draws water through the plant!

28. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else 3) high specific heat • absorb heat when break H-bonds: cools leaves

29. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else 3) high specific heat • absorb heat when break H-bonds • Release heat when form H-bonds

30. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else 3) high specific heat 4) Ice floats

31. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else 3) high specific heat 4) Ice floats 5) Universal solvent

32. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else 3) high specific heat 4) Ice floats 5) Universal solvent • Take up & transport nutrients dissolved in water

33. Properties of water 5) “Universal” solvent • Take up & transport nutrients dissolved in water • Transport organics dissolved in water

34. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else 3) high specific heat 4) Ice floats 5) Universal solvent 6) Hydrophobic interactions

35. Properties of water 1) Cohesion = water H-bonded to water 2) Adhesion = water H-bonded to something else 3) high specific heat 4) Ice floats 5) Universal solvent 6) Hydrophobic interactions 7) Water ionizes

36. pH [H+] = acidity of a solution pH = convenient way to measure acidity pH = - log10 [H+] pH 7 is neutral: [H+] = [OH-] -> at pH 7 [H+] = 10-7 moles/l pH of cytoplasm = 7.2 pH of stroma & matrix = 8 pH of apoplast = 5.5 pH of lumen = 4.5

37. pH Plants vary pH to control many processes!

38. pH Plants vary pH to control many processes! • Plants alter pH @ roots to aid uptake

39. Water movement Diffusion: movement of single molecules down ∆[ ] due to random motion until [ ] is even Driving force?

40. Water movement Diffusion: movement of single molecules down ∆[ ] due to random motion until [ ] is even Driving force: lowers free energy ∆G = ∆H- T∆S

41. Water movement Diffusion: movement of single molecules down ∆[ ] due to random motion until [ ] is even Bulk Flow: movement of groups of molecules down a pressure gradient

42. Water movement Diffusion: movement of single molecules down ∆[ ] due to random motion until [ ] is even Bulk Flow: movement of groups of molecules down a pressure gradient • Independent of ∆ [ ] !

43. Water movement Diffusion: movement of single molecules down ∆[] due to random motion until [ ] is even Bulk Flow: movement of groups of molecules down a pressure gradient • Independent of ∆[ ] ! • How water moves through xylem

44. Water movement Diffusion: movement of single molecules down [] due to random motion until [ ] is even Bulk Flow: movement of groups of molecules down a pressure gradient • Independent of ∆ [ ] ! • How water moves through xylem • How water moves through soil and apoplast

45. Water movement Bulk Flow: movement of groups of molecules down a pressure gradient • Independent of ∆ [ ] ! • How water moves through xylem • Main way water moves through soil and apoplast • Very sensitive to radius of vessel: increases as r4

46. Water movement Diffusion: movement of single molecules down ∆[] due to random motion until [ ] is even Bulk Flow: movement of groups of molecules down a pressure gradient • Independent of ∆[ ] ! • How water moves through xylem • Main way water moves through soil and apoplast • Very sensitive to radius of vessel: increases as r4 Osmosis: depends on bulk flow and diffusion!

47. Water movement Osmosis: depends on bulk flow and diffusion! water crosses membranes but other solutes do not water tries to even its [ ] on each side

48. Water movement Osmosis: depends on bulk flow and diffusion! water crosses membranes but other solutes do not water tries to even its [ ] on each side other solutes can’t:result is net influx of water

49. Water movement Osmosis: depends on bulk flow and diffusion! • Moves through aquaporins, so rate depends on pressure and [ ] gradients!

50. Water movement Osmosis: depends on bulk flow and diffusion! • Moves through aquaporins, so rate depends on pressure and [ ] gradients! • Driving force = water's free energy (J/m3 = MPa)