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Systematics in Biology

Systematics in Biology. Organization of biological diversity based upon taxonomy and evolutionary relationships. The 5 Kingdoms (old way). Problems – 2 very different types of bacteria and protista have no real common ancestors. 3 Domains. Phylogenetics. Archea.

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Systematics in Biology

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  1. Systematics in Biology Organization of biological diversity based upon taxonomy and evolutionary relationships

  2. The 5 Kingdoms (old way) • Problems – 2 very different types of bacteria and protista have no real common ancestors

  3. 3 Domains

  4. Phylogenetics

  5. Archea • “old” bacteria (prokaryotic-anaerobic) • No peptidoglycans in cell wall • Ribosomes like eukaryotes • Extremophiles • Methanogens (guts, swamps) • Halophiles (dead sea) • Thermophiles (geysers) • Acidophiles (stomach) • Heliobacter pylori

  6. Eubacteria (bacteria) • Can be aerobic or anaerobic, can be heterotrophic or autotrophic • Come in various shapes: cocci – round (streptococcus) bacilli – rod shaped (E. coli) spirilla – spiral (syphilis) • Major groups • Cyanobacteria – photosynthetic (first ones??) • Chemoautotrophs – nitrifying NO2 -> NO3 • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria – mutualistic with plant roots

  7. Eukaryota • Includes everything else!!!

  8. Protista • Algae-like Protophyta

  9. Protophyta • Euglena – has flagella and chloroplast • Dinoflagellates – 2 flagella, red tide, brown tide (toxic), bioluminescent • Diatoms – shells of SiO2 • Green Algae (chlorophyta) uni/multi cellular, cell wall of cellulose, ancestor of modern plants? • Brown Algae (phaeophyta) giant seaweeds, kelp forests • Red Algae (rhodophyta)

  10. Animal-like Protozoa

  11. Protozoa • Amoeboid – pseudopodia, phagocytosis • Foraminifera – CaCO3 shells (indicate oil) • Zooflagellates – digest wood in termite gut, trypanosoma (tse-tse fly- causes African sleeping sickness) • Sporozoa – animal parasites (plasmodium) • Ciliophora – ciliated like paramecium

  12. Fungi-like Protomycota • Cellular (plasmodial) slime molds – form spores like fungi

  13. Fungi

  14. Fungi Life-cycle

  15. Mycorrhizae

  16. Grows in filaments called hyphae • Cell walls contain chitin • Parasitic or saprophytic • Secrete digestive enzymes into the environment which breakdown host cells and absorb nutrients • Examples: • bread mold (zygomycota) produces haploid zygospores which grow into filaments.\ • Yeasts, mildews, truffles (ascomycota) • Mushrooms (basidiomycota) • Lichens (algae/fungus symbiosis) • Mycorrhizae – fungi/plant root mutualism

  17. Animalia • Multicellular (differentiated), motile, heterotrophs that consume nutrients. • Show symmetry • Developed a coelom (body cavity) • Show distinctive embryonic development • Protostome • Deuterostome • Some developed segmentation • Endo- and exo-skeleton development • Developed complex organ systems

  18. Symmetry • Radial Bilateral

  19. Coeloms

  20. Embryonic Cleavage • Protostomes include: mollusks annelids arthropods • Deuterostomes echinoderms chordates

  21. Porifera (Sponges)

  22. Cnidaria (Hydra, Jellyfish) Polyp medusa

  23. Platyhelmenthes (Flatworms) • Planaria –primitive gut

  24. Nematoda (Roundworms)

  25. Rotifera

  26. Mollusca

  27. Annelida

  28. Arthrodpoda

  29. Echinodermata

  30. Chordata

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