Developing Countries’ Experience with Building Energy Codes and

1. Developing Countries’ Experience with Building Energy Codes and Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings Surapong Chirarattananon, Professor Asian Institute of Technology surapong@ait.ac.th

2. Topics • Thai experience – past • Recent Development in Thailand • Experiences of other countries

3. Past Thai Experience High Electricity Consumption Growth during 1990 to 2005 of 5 folds in Thailand • 1980 oil shortage, petrol stations closed on weekends. • 1985 ASEAN-US cooperation project on energy conservation for commercial buildings. • 1987 A draft model building energy code submitted to National Energy Administration.

4. Fresh air intake Air ducts Solar Radiation 20% 60% Cooling load Thermal radiation 20% 60% Electric Air handling unit Supply air Return air Evaporator Water chiller Cooling tower Compressor Condensor Electric power Past Thai Experience • Previous Experience from Building Energy Studies in • earlier 1980s showed that air-conditioning uses 60% and lighting 20% of electricity in a building. • Heat gain through building envelope contributes 60% and lighting 20% of load to the air-conditioning system. Convection

5. The Energy Conservation Promotion Act B.E. 2535 BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ REX. Given on the 2nd day of April B.E. 2535 (AD 1992) for Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy The Royal Decree on Designated Building B.E. 2538 Given on the 17th day of July B.E. 2538 (AD 1995) A set of Ministerial Regulations B.E. 2538 (AD 1995) Past Thai Experience

6. The ECP Act • The ECP Fund Committee • Oversee funding for research and development, demonstration, promotion of energy conservation and development of renewable energy, etc. • DEDE (Dept for Alternative Energy Dev and Energy Eff) • Set up regulations • Carry out works related to established regulations • Activities for Mandatory Requirement of Energy Conservation • Energy Audit • Planning and targeting energy conservation • Implementation Past Thai Experience

7. The Royal Decree on Designated Buildings By virtue of the ECP Act, the Royal Decree on Designated Building, B.E. 2538 was issued to define designated buildings for energy conservation purposes. • One building or more under an address with a combined transformer capacity from 1,000 kilowatts or 1,175 kVA. • One building or more under an address which consume commercial energy from twenty million megajoules of electrical energy equivalent. Designated Buildings Existing Building New Building Past Thai Experience

8. Past Thai Experience Ministerial Regulations No. 1: Prescribe standards, criteria and procedures for energy conservation of designated buildings. No. 2: Prescribe forms and schedule for the reporting data on production, consumption and conservation of energy by a designated building. No. 3: Prescribe criteria, procedures and schedule for owners of designated buildings to establish energy conservation targets and plans.

9. Past Thai Experience Requirements on Designated Buildings • Performance of Building Envelope, as measured by the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) of the Building. • Efficient Electric Lighting. • Efficient Air-conditioning System.

10. Past Thai Experience The Overall Thermal Transfer Value • The Roof Thermal Transfer Value (RTTV) of the existing and the new building shall not exceed 25 watts per square meter of the roof area. • The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) of the exterior walls of an air-conditioned building • for a new building, the OTTV shall not exceed 45 watts per square meter of its exterior wall. • for an existing building, the OTTV shall not exceed 55 watts per square meter of its exterior wall.

11. Thailand Malaysia Singapore Philippines Indonesia

12. Past Thai Experience Electric Lighting within Buildings

13. Past Thai Experience Air-conditioning System

14. Past Thai Experience Energy Audits of Designated Buildings • By 2001, energy audits had been conducted over 1,573 designated buildings, commercial and large government buildings. • 573 small government buildings have been audited.

15. Past Thai Experience Strong and Weak Points of the Present Code • Strong points • Building and Systems • Envelope and lighting requirements are performance-based. These are flexible and encourage innovative employment of building materials and lighting equipment. • The OTTV requirement has familiarized industry professsionals with trading off of heat gain between envelope components. • Building Energy Management • The audit requirement has enabled assessment and compilation of energy use in buildings. It has created an expertise industry of building energy professionals.

16. Past Thai Experience Strong and Weak Points of the Present Code • Weak Points • Building • Present Requirements on Building Envelope does not differentiate different building categories, e.g. office (8.00-17.00), hotel and hospital (24 hours), department store (10.00-22.00), • - OTTV doe not fully account for effects of envelope parameters, e.g.wall directions, • No direct relationbetween OTTV and air-conditioning load nor energy use in a building. • Emphasis on existing buildings and ignoring new buildings

17. Past Thai Experience Strong and Weak Points of the Present Code • Systems • Theair-conditioning requirement is a prescriptive requirement on only a part of the whole system. It does not allow similar flexibility such as that in the lighting part. • The code leaves out some equipment. It is already outdated. • Even if air-conditioning requirement is changed to system performance-based, there is still a need to relate energy use due to external driving forces of heat gain into the building and from each building system causally to the air-conditioning load and to overall energy consumption of the building. • Lighting requirements areoutdated. • Performance Requirements • Emphasis on existing buildings is impractical • - Performance requirements do not have economic justification Weak Points

18. Recent Thai Development • In 2000 Thailand requested technical assistance to Denmark for a project to ‘adjust the building energy code’. • Denmark has a long tradition for building regulation and energy conservation in the building sector. • The project was in line with the overall objective for Sustainable Energy in Thailand. • Implementing the project was therefore supported by the Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development (DANCED), through Thailand’s Department for Alternaive Energy Development and Energy Efficiency. • The project was carried out during Dec 2001 – Mar 2004

19. Recent Thai Development Features of the New Building Energy Code • 1. The new code applies to new buildings only. • 2. System performance requirementsare used. The target systems are: •  building envelope •  lighting system •  air-conditioning system • 3. Differentiationare made for different types of building. • A new OTTV formulation for each type of building • Type of building OTTV formulation • office & school • hotel & hospital, condominium • superstore & dept store Economic basis is used for setting requirements • One OTTV formulation for each type of building

20. Recent Thai Development Proposed Building Design Component/system compliance Whole building compliance Compliance of each component in a system or of each system Design energy consumption Energy consumption of reference building DEC<REC? Yes Complete Yes No Features of the New Building Energy Code 4. The adjusted Building Energy Code now incorporates a procedure for whole building energy compliance. This procedure integrates performance of individual systems to performance of the whole building

21. Recent Thai Development Energy Performance Requirements on Building Envelope Summary • The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) of wall of a building represents the size of the average heat gain through the envelope (inclusive of walls and windows) as sensed by the air-conditioning system of the building. • For office or school, O-OTTV < 50 Wm-2 • For Department store or hypermarket, S-OTTV < 40Wm-2 • For Hotel or hospital, H-OTTV < 30 Wm-2 • For roof of , • Office and school, O-RTTV < 15 Wm-2 • Department storeor hypermarket, S-RTTV < 12 Wm-2 • Hotel or hospital, H-RTTV < 10 Wm-2

22. Recent Thai Development Energy Performance Requirements for Lighting Summary Allowable rated power for lighting.

23. Recent Thai Development Energy Performance Requirements for Air-conditioning Energy performance of air-conditioning system(s) within a building Minimum performance for unitary air-conditioners

24. Recent Thai Development Energy Performance Requirements for Air-conditioning • Large air-conditioning system • When a large air-conditioning system is used, energy performance is required on the water chillers, and on other parts of the air-conditioning system. • Minimum performance for water chillers. • Category and size Minimum performance, COP(kW/TR) • Air-cooled water chillers • Up to 351.7 kWth (100 TR) 2.70 (1.30) • Over 351.7 kWth (100 TR) 2.93 (1.20) • Water-cooled water chillers • Less than 527.5 kWth (150 TR) 3.91 (0.90) • From 527.5 kWth and less than 703.3 kWth (200 TR) 4.69 (0.75) • From 703.3 kWth and less than 879.2 kWth (250 TR) 5.25 (0.67) • From 879.2 kWth and up to 1,758.3 kWth (500 TR) 5.40 (0.65) • Over 1,758.3 kWth5.67 (0.62)

25. 0.50 0.50 kW/TR kW/TR Supply air duct Supply air duct Air-handling unit Air-handling unit Cooling coil Cooling coil There are many of these There are many of these units in a building units in a building Filter Filter Return air duct Return air duct Outside air Outside air Condenser Condenser Cooling tower Cooling tower Evaporator Evaporator Water chiller Water chiller Recent Thai Development Energy Performance Requirements for Air-conditioning Other parts of the air-conditioning system The air-handling system, condenser water cooling system, and chilled water transport system shall be considered to comply with the requirement if taken together has a rated coefficient of performance of 7.03 (0.5 kW/TR).

26. Recent Thai Development • Other Items in New Code and Guidelines • 5. Performance requirements on absorption chillers • single stage • double stage • 6. Accreditation for Use of Renewable Energy • Daylighting • Photovoltaic generation • 7. Performance Requirements on hot water generation • direct generation using boiler • use ofheat pump.

27. Recent Thai Development 8. A handbook has been written to assist building professionals in building design and in LCC analysis of design option. 9. A computer program is written to assist professionals to comply with the code 10. An assessment on potential impact of code implementation is published. 11. Registered building design engineers and/or architects are to be responsible for a building design to comply with the requirements of the code.

28. Recent Thai Development Energy Consumption of Audited Buildings

29. สมมติฐาน Recent Thai Development Potential Energy Savings –code compliance scenario

30. สมมติฐาน Recent Thai Development Potential Energy Savings – economic scenario

31. Recent Thai Development • Other Programs • DEDE implemented a Government building retrofit program during ~ 1995 – 1999, savings evaluated at 46% of predicted value. • The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) operated a ‘Green Buildings’ program on a voluntary basis, no report is available on savings estimate. • DEDE and the EGAT have hold a number of ‘house design’ contests to promote energy efficient design of houses, no evaluation of quantitative savings has been reported. • ASEAN holds regular contests for ‘Energy Efficient’ buildings.

32. Experiences of Other Countries • The use of building energy code on a mandatory basis in an effort to achieve efficiency of energy consumption in buildings is common, as reported by Janda and Busch. • After the date of publication by Janda and Busch, many more countries have adopted BECs that include OTTV or other requirements on energy performance of building envelope. • Ivory Coast had developed and applied “the Ivorian Energy Efficiency Building Code” to all new buildings, except residential buildings of three stories or less, since 1993. • The Mexican government passed a law requiring energy efficiency on building envelope in 2001

33. Experiences of Other Countries • Singapore • Singapore since 1979 has adopted a mandatory BEC that was modeled after Standard 90-1975, of the American Society for Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). • Singapore haspersistently implemented a mandatory BEC and associated energy consuming equipment in commercial buildings. • She has now separate requirements on different building utilities and services • A ‘whole building energy demand’ approach has also been developed to assist building developers.

34. Experiences of Other Countries • Hong Kong • Hong Kong adopted a voluntary BEC since 1995, and has periodically revised and updated her code • The Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD) conducted promotion program of DSM and provide information for building management to compare the consumption of it building with‘benchmark’of same building type.

35. Experiences of Other Countries • Malaysia and the Philippines • Malaysia has adopted a federal voluntary ‘Guideline’ on building energy efficient design. • The Philippines has a similar scheme.

36. End of presentation… Thank you for your attention…