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Nuclear Power in Washington State

Nuclear Power in Washington State. Kathleen M. Saul November 4, 2010 gCORE. Electrical Generation vs. Bomb Production. The energy from the atom has been used for two different purposes: In atomic bombs/nuclear weapons, To generate electricity.

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Nuclear Power in Washington State

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  1. Nuclear Power in Washington State Kathleen M. Saul November 4, 2010 gCORE

  2. Electrical Generation vs. Bomb Production • The energy from the atom has been used for two different purposes: • In atomic bombs/nuclear weapons, • To generate electricity. • The focus today: Electrical Generation  “Commercial Nuclear Power”

  3. What is commercial nuclear power? • A fancy way to heat water and generate steam to drive a turbine and create electricity. • Neutrons bombard the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom, causing the release of other neutrons and a lot of heat. Those new neutrons go on to hit other uranium-235 nuclei in a self-sustaining reaction.

  4. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Images/fission.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Fission1.shtml&h=226&w=360&sz=14&tbnid=XEFCWoaQmiEDqM:&tbnh=76&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnuclear%2Bfission&zoom=1&q=nuclear+fission&hl=en&usg=__eyB7wOps77bQhy1t3HfJrxhghEo=&sa=X&ei=oKDRTMO7LJL6sAORxdmmCw&ved=0CDcQ9QEwBAhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Images/fission.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Fission1.shtml&h=226&w=360&sz=14&tbnid=XEFCWoaQmiEDqM:&tbnh=76&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnuclear%2Bfission&zoom=1&q=nuclear+fission&hl=en&usg=__eyB7wOps77bQhy1t3HfJrxhghEo=&sa=X&ei=oKDRTMO7LJL6sAORxdmmCw&ved=0CDcQ9QEwBA Barium Krypton Radioactive Iodine Strontium Cesium Xenon Uranium 235

  5. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_H2CekjGxczE/Ssnuf_dC4LI/AAAAAAAAADU/Eqd72h797jI/s400/nuclear%2Bpower%2Bplants.GIF&imgrefurl=http://ezonal.blogspot.com/2009/09/nuclear-power-station.html&h=340&w=392&sz=16&tbnid=CfvujsxBUV17aM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNuclear%2BPower&zoom=1&q=Nuclear+Power&usg=__ue1SY7xFpiUTgkhfq4EmjNya1nU=&sa=X&ei=qJ3RTKWAAoKisAPNuNmnCw&ved=0CFcQ9QEwCghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_H2CekjGxczE/Ssnuf_dC4LI/AAAAAAAAADU/Eqd72h797jI/s400/nuclear%2Bpower%2Bplants.GIF&imgrefurl=http://ezonal.blogspot.com/2009/09/nuclear-power-station.html&h=340&w=392&sz=16&tbnid=CfvujsxBUV17aM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNuclear%2BPower&zoom=1&q=Nuclear+Power&usg=__ue1SY7xFpiUTgkhfq4EmjNya1nU=&sa=X&ei=qJ3RTKWAAoKisAPNuNmnCw&ved=0CFcQ9QEwCg

  6. Key Dates in the History of the U.S. Commercial Nuclear Industry

  7. Timeline – 1940s 1940 1941 The first sustained nuclear reaction took place in Chicago, under the direction of Enrico Fermi 1942 1943 1944 1945 Atomic Energy Act creates the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and Joint Committee on Atomic Energy 1946 1947 1948 1949

  8. Timeline – 1950s 1950 1951 1952 President Eisenhower presented "Atoms for Peace" speech 1953 Atomic Energy Act passed by Congress 1954 1955 1956 Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act enacted into law 1957 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) established under United Nations 1958 1959

  9. Timeline – 1960s Dresden 1 came on line, the first privately financed nuclear power plant in the U.S. 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Oyster Creek, Nine Mile Point 1 came on line

  10. Timeline – 1970s National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) signed into law 1970 Dresden 2, Ginna, Point Beach 1 came on line Federal Clean Air Act of 1970 took effect; EPA established HG Robinson, Monticello, Dresden 3, Palisades came on line 1971 EPA announced national air quality standards Point Beach 2, Vermont Yankee, Pilgrim 1, Turkey Point 3, Surry 1 on line 1972 Quad Cities 1 & 2, Surry 2, Oconee 1, Turkey Point 4, Prairie Island 1 on line 1973 Middle East Oil Embargo Kewaunee, Fort Calhoun 1, Cooper, Peach Bottom 2 & 3, Browns Ferry 1, Indian Point 2, TMI 1, Oconee 2 & 3, Arkansas 1, Prairie Island 2 on line 1974 Energy Reorganization Act abolished the AEC and established the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Duane Arnold 1, Browns Ferry 2, Calvert Cliffs 1, Fitzpatrick, Donald Cook 1, Brunswick 2, Millstone 2, Hatch 1 came on line 1975 1976 Indian Point 3, Beaver Valley 1 on line 1977 Browns Ferry 3, Crystal River 3, Brunswick 1, Calvert Cliffs 2, Salem 1 came on line 1978 North Anna 1, Donald Cook 2, David Besse 1 came on line Accident at Three Mile Island 1979 Hatch 2 on line Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) established

  11. Timeline – 1980s Fuel rupture in reactor at Saint-Laurent, France 1980 Arkansas 2, North Anna 2 on line 1981 Sequoyah 1, Farley 2, Salem 2, McGuire 1 came on line 1982 Sequoyah 2 on line Susquehanna 1, San Onofre 2 came on line 1983 Summer 1, LaSalle 1 & 2, McGuire 2, San Onofre 3, Columbia Generating Station, Callaway 1 came on line 1984 National Academy for Nuclear Training established at INPO Diablo Canyon 1, Catabwa 1, Grand Gulf 1, Wolf Creek, Byron 1, Waterford 3, Susquehanna 2 on line 1985 Meltdown at Chernobyl, Ukraine Palo Verde 1 & 2, Limerick 1, Diablo Canyon 2, Millstone 3, River Bend 1, Catabwa 2, Hope Creek 1 on line 1986 1987 Shearon Harris 1, Vogtle 1, Byron 2, Beaver Valley 2, Perry1, Clinton 1 came on line 1988 Palo Verde 3, Fermi 2, Nine Mile Point 2, Braidwood 1 & 2, South Texas Project 1 on line NRC begins program of reactor design standardization 1989 Vogtle 2, South Texas Project 2 on line World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) formed

  12. Timeline – 1990s 1990 Limerick 2, Comanche Peak 1, Seabrook 1 came on line Revision of rules and requirements for applying for licenses to build and operate nuclear power plants in the U.S 1991 1992 Deregulation of electric industry allowed by the Energy Act of 1992 Comanche Peak 2 on line 1993 1994 Nuclear Energy Institute formed 1995 1996 Watts Bar 1 came on line 1997 Kyoto Protocol ratified 1998 Accident at fuel preparation plant, Tokai-mura, Japan 1999

  13. Timeline – 2000s 2000 2001 National Energy Policy published 2001 2002 Nuclear Power 2010 program unveiled 2003 NuStart Energy Development LLC formed 2004 2005 Energy Policy Act of 2005 passed Repeal of the Public Utility Holding Act of 1935 took effect 2006 COLAs received for Calvert Cliffs 3, South Texas Project 3 & 4, Bellefonte 3 & 4, North Anna 3, William States Lee 1 & 2 Congress passed a $18.5 billion loan guarantee program for the nuclear industry 2007 COLAs received for Shearon Harris 2 & 3, Grand Gulf 3, Summer 2 & 3, Vogtle 3 & 4, Callaway 2, Levy Co. 1 & 2, Victoria Co. TX 1 & 2, Fermi 3, Comanche Peak 3 & 4, River Bend 3, Nine Mile Point 3, Bell Bend 1 2008 2009

  14. Commercial Nuclear Power in Washington State http://www.scripophily.net/wapuposusybo.html

  15. The History of The Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS) • 1957: WPPSS organized to allow publicly owned utilities to combine resources and build power generation facilities. • 1968: The Joint Power Planning Council set forth its outline for the Thermal-Hydro Power Program, including 20 new thermal plants by 1980.

  16. 1971: WPPSS made plans to construct and operate a commercial nuclear plant on the Hanford site (Plant 2). • Utilities would share the costs and benefits. • 1972: WPPSS proposed a second plant near Hanford (Plant 1) and one at Satsop (Plant 3). • Costs to be covered through the sale of the power generated. • 1973: The IRS decreed the type of financing used for Plants 1, 2, and 3 would no longer be tax exempt.

  17. 1973: WPPSS announced plans for Plant 4 near Hanford and Plant 5 at Satsop. • Based on forecasts of continuing growth in electrical demand, WPPSS enticed utilities to buy shares of the projects.

  18. Sample Scenario:

  19. 1981: Revised demand forecasts call into question the need for Plants 4 and 5. • 1982: WPPSS terminated work on 4 and 5. • Partner utilities were still on the hook for the costs. Ratepayers sued, saying the agreements utilities had entered into were not legal. Courts sided with the ratepayers.

  20. 1983: WPPSS defaulted on the bonds it had issued to cover the costs of plants 4 and 5: $2.25 billion. • 1983: WPPSS mothballed Plants 1 and 3. • 1984: Plant 2, Columbia Generating Station, began producing power.

  21. Challenges Faced by WPPSS • Overambitious forecasts, primarily based on Bonneville numbers. • Inexperience with nuclear management and construction. • Quality control issues. • Design changes as construction progressed. • Changes in safety standards. • Increased costs and interest rates. • Environmental backlash against nuclear power.

  22. WPPSS Sites http://www.efsec.wa.gov/GRAPHICS/Project%20location%20map.pdf

  23. WPPSS Unfinished Plant 5 near Satsop, WA, 2000Courtesy Grays Harbor Community Development Corp.

  24. The Hanford Site and Columbia Generating Station Columbia Generating Station

  25. WPPSS Plant 2 (Columbia Generating Station)Courtesy Energy Northwest

  26. Columbia Generating Station Today • Capacity: 1150 MW of electricity. • Emissions avoided (vs fossil fuel plants): • 9,750 tons of sulfur dioxide. • 11,900 tons of nitrogen oxide. • 7,960,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide. • 27 casks of spent fuel/by-products stored on site. http://www.energy-northwest.com/generation/cgs/

  27. 7.5% Based on: http://www.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=WA

  28. References • Too many to list. • See me.

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