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Chapter 12 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds

Chapter 12 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds. 12.3 Addition Reactions. Addition Reactions. I n addition reactions , reactants add to the carbon atoms in double or triple bonds a double or triple bond i s easily broken, which makes them very reactive. Addition Reactions (continued).

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Chapter 12 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds

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  1. Chapter 12 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 12.3Addition Reactions

  2. Addition Reactions In addition reactions, • reactants add to the carbon atoms in double or triple bonds • a double or triple bond is easily broken, which makes them very reactive

  3. Addition Reactions (continued)

  4. Hydrogenation Inhydrogenation, • hydrogen atoms add to the carbon atoms of a double bond or triple bond • a catalyst such as Pt or Ni is used to speed up the reaction

  5. Hydrogenation of Oils Adding H2 to double bonds in vegetable oils produces • compounds with higher melting points • solids at room temperature, such as margarine, soft margarine, and shortening

  6. Learning Check Write an equation for the hydrogenation of 1-butene using a platinum catalyst.

  7. Solution Write an equation for the hydrogenation of 1-butene using a platinum catalyst.

  8. Learning Check Draw the condensed structural formula of the product of each the following reactions: ? ?

  9. Solution Draw the condensed structural formula of the product of each the following reactions:

  10. Halogenation • Inhalogenation,halogen atoms add to the carbon atoms of a double bond or triple bond.

  11. Learning Check Draw the condensed structural formula of the product of each the following addition reactions : 2. Br2(l)? ?

  12. Solution 2. Br2(l)

  13. Testing for Unsaturation When bromine (Br2) is added • to an alkane, the red color of bromine persists. • to an alkene or alkyne, the red color of bromine disappears immediately. Br2 Br2

  14. Hydrohalogenation • Inhydrohalogenation,the atoms of a hydrogen halide add to the carbon atoms of a double bond or triple bond.

  15. Markovnikov’s Rule When an unsymmetrical alkene undergoes hydrohalogenation, • the H in HX adds to the carbon in the double bond that has the greater number of H atoms

  16. Hydration In hydration, • an acid (H+) catalyst is required • water (HOH) adds to a double bond • an H atom bonds to one C in the double C═C bond • an OH bonds to the other C

  17. Hydration (continued) When hydration occurs with a double bond that has an unequal number of H atoms, • the H atom bonds to the C in the double C═C bond that has more H • the OH bonds to the C in the double C═C bond that has the fewer H atoms

  18. Learning Check Draw the condensed structural formula of the product of each the following hydration reactions:

  19. Solution

  20. Learning Check Draw the condensed structural formula of the product of each the following reactions:

  21. Solution

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