Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, 1200-1550

1. Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, 1200-1550 Chapter 14 The Latin West, 1200-1500

2. Objectives • Be able to analyze the causes and consequences of Europe’s fourteenth-century demographic disaster. • Be able to describe and explain the significance in world history of technological development and urbanization in the Latin West in the later Middle Ages. • Understand the ways in which the intellectual developments of the later Middle Ages reflected Westerners’ views of themselves and their relationship to the past. • Understand the ways in which the Hundred Years War and the emergence of the “new monarchies” laid the foundations for the modern European state system.

3. The Later Middle Ages • 1200 - 1500 CE • European Issues • Muslim invasions • lack of European unity • Black Death • Hundred Years War • European Progress • material prosperity • effects of war • ‘Latin West’ identity • Christianity • competition • technology / learning

4. Rural Growth and Crisis Rural Europe • 9/10 rural • tough on peasants • Serfdom • % of harvest & labor • motivation / inefficiency • Women • inferior to men • “image of God is found in man” • Farming transition • warming climate • 3-field system & harness

5. Rural Growth and Crisis Populations Issues • equals China by 1300 • Latin growth to east • exceeds farm production • climate / war • 30-35 year life span Black Death • 1347-1351 CE • death within days • 1/3 of Western Europeans • recovery by 1500 CE

6. Black Death The Black Death

7. Rural Growth and Crisis Social Result • laborer demand for higher wages • bought land with wages • peasant revolts • disappearance of serfdom • shift from manor to cities • rise in per capita production • overall contraction

8. Rural Growth and Crisis ‘Industrial Revolution’ • borrowed technology • watermills • cog in iron metallurgy • rise in mining • windmills • building booms • stone quarrying Environment • damming of rivers • quarry pits and mines • river pollution • deforestation

9. Urban Revival Trading Cities • growth of trade and manufacturing after 1200 • N. Italy and Flanders • Venice and Genoa • Hanseatic League • Belguim • Italian Trade • Constantinople - 1204 • Black Sea trade • Mongol expansion west • far east trade • Marco Polo - 1271-1295 • European trading fairs • textile industry

10. Urban Revival Civic Life • social freedom • independent states • adaptation to changing markets (autonomy) • social mobility • residents claim freedom • Jewish ‘homeland’ • business skills • persecution • Christian Church • Guilds • trade specialists (union) • dominate civic life

11. Urban Revival Guild Duties • regulate business practices • regulate prices • trained apprentices • women members • Jewish discrimination Merchant Bankers • money changing & loans • church and state • tithes and war loans • Florence & Augsburg • Jewish money-lenders

12. Urban Revival Gothic Cathedrals • 1140 CE • competition • pointed arch • flying buttresses • height and light • stained glass Clock • time-keeping • China water clock • 1st regular use in urban life • tower • church steeple

13. The Renaissance Renaissance • “rebirth” in N. Italy • 12th century urban renewal • universities • intellectual and artistic • Scholarship • ancient Greek and Arabic • S. Italy, Sicily, & Toledo • Jewish translation • monasteries • Dominicans / Franciscans • modern universities • degree granting

14. The Renaissance Universities • 80 by 1500 CE • Oxford and Cambridge • often formed by guilds • apprentice • master / doctor • Latin • fluidity of movement • specialty • medicine, law, theology • “queen of the sciences” • scholasticism • synthesis of philosophy with Biblical truth • Summa Theologica

15. The Renaissance Literature • ‘The Divine Comedy’ • Dante Alighieri • ‘Canterbury Tales” • Geoffery Chaucer • vernacular • local or regional language • larger audience • humanists • literary movement • philosophy and ethics • Greco-Roman classical themes • reforming of secondary education

16. The Renaissance Humanists • mastering of Greek and Latin • Vatican Library • corrections of copyists Printing • movable type • new ink • printing press • Johann Gutenberg • Gutenberg Bible - 1454 • rise in literacy • access to ancient texts

17. The Renaissance Artistic Influence • style • replace stiff w/ natural • identifiable emotions • technology • linseed oil • subject • mythical tales • everyday life • patronage • wealthy • de’ Medici • prelates • Rome as papacy

18. Political Transformation Monarchs • hereditary • limited treasuries • noble rights Nobles • landed • advise and consent Church • independence Cities • independence • economic influence

19. Military Transformation Technology • crossbow • metal-tipped arrows • professional position • firearm Papal / Monarch Politics • Pope Boniface • papal bull of 1302 • King Philip IV • Avignon (1309) • loss of papal neutrality • Great Schism • 1387-1405 CE • rival papal claimants

20. The Great Schism

21. Royal Authority France • King Louis IX • royal courts; bypass noble consent • King Philip IV • creates 3rd estate: weaken nobles/church England • King John ‘Softsword’ • Magna Carta - 1215 • subject to law • nobleman rights • Church independence • State boundaries

22. Hundred Years War Hundred Years War • 1337-1453 CE • marriage alliances • French king and vassals • Edward III • military influences • French crossbowmen • English longbowmen • cannon fire • Battle of Agincourt - 1415 • Joan of Arc • Battle of Orleans - 1429 • 1453 truce

23. Hundred Years War

24. New Monarchies Centralization of Power • British Isles • French nobles • knights ‘outgunned’ • professional military • nobles, merchants, church ‘National’ Boundaries • incorporation Representative Institutions • England • Parliament - 1500 CE • France • Estates General

25. Iberian Unification Reconquista • Iberia from Muslim rule • Toledo - 1085 • Lisbon - 1147 • Cordoba - Seville - 1249 • expanding Christianity • Marriage - 1469 • Isabella of Castile • Ferdinand of Aragon • Granada - 1492 • expulsion • Jews and Muslims