Micro-Level Vulnerability Assessment and Coping Mechanism Related To Floods In Urban Areas:

1. Micro-Level Vulnerability Assessment and Coping Mechanism Related To Floods In Urban Areas: By: Mone Iye C. Marschiavelli (BAKOSURTANAL-Indonesia) Dr. Pramono Hadi (Gadjah Mada Univ-Indonesia) Dr. Michael K. McCall (ITC-The Netherlands) Drs. Nanette Kingma (ITC-The Netherlands) The title of my research is VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND COPING MECHANISM RELATED TO FLOODS IN URBAN AREAS: A Community-based Case Study in Kampung Melayu, Indonesia. Government already conducted many surveys to measure and assess flood damage, but the vulnerability assessment at the micro level (based on community data), including the coping mechanism of the community hasn�t been done yet. This research tries to addressed the vulnerability as well as the capacity for flood management based on local people�s perception. The title of my research is VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND COPING MECHANISM RELATED TO FLOODS IN URBAN AREAS: A Community-based Case Study in Kampung Melayu, Indonesia. Government already conducted many surveys to measure and assess flood damage, but the vulnerability assessment at the micro level (based on community data), including the coping mechanism of the community hasn�t been done yet. This research tries to addressed the vulnerability as well as the capacity for flood management based on local people�s perception.

2. Background Jakarta is � naturally� very vulnerable to be flooded: approximately 40% areas is lowland area, some of them even below sea level. there are 13 rivers flow evenly inside this area. Triggering factors: hydro-meteorological aspects, land subsidence, land use change, decreasing the flow cross-section of the Ciliwung River, and also because of socio-cultural aspect. The vulnerability and capacity assessment in micro level (CBDRM) is necessary ? risk reduction

3. History of Floods in Jakarta

5. Objective Assess community-level flood vulnerability, including identification of elements at risk, and local coping mechanisms.

6. Study Area Kelurahan Kampung Melayu, Jatinegara Sub district, East Jakarta

8. Steps and techniques

9. Steps and techniques (continued)

10. GIS-based survey: building inventory, household interview and questionnaires, 83 respondents 

11. Research Activities There are six major activities within this research: Flood occurrence: There were 83 households interviewed during the fieldwork. From each of the households, data on flood depths and flood durations were gathered. The water height and water duration dataset were interpolated using a kriging method in ILWIS. People�s perception: Information about the flood occurrence, the root causes of flood was collected during the survey, people�s behavior before, during and after flood, as well as reason why people still living in this area despite that it is a floods prone area. And also examines the flood risk based on local people perception. Analysis of certain elements at risk: Data related with physical or structural of building collected during fieldwork through building inventory and households� interview. Vulnerability assessment: Flood depth and damage relationship using data analysis from damage assessment and element at risk. Coping mechanism ? community strategies to cope with flood in the study area. There are six major activities within this research: Flood occurrence: There were 83 households interviewed during the fieldwork. From each of the households, data on flood depths and flood durations were gathered. The water height and water duration dataset were interpolated using a kriging method in ILWIS. People�s perception: Information about the flood occurrence, the root causes of flood was collected during the survey, people�s behavior before, during and after flood, as well as reason why people still living in this area despite that it is a floods prone area. And also examines the flood risk based on local people perception. Analysis of certain elements at risk: Data related with physical or structural of building collected during fieldwork through building inventory and households� interview. Vulnerability assessment: Flood depth and damage relationship using data analysis from damage assessment and element at risk. Coping mechanism ? community strategies to cope with flood in the study area.

12. Analysis of certain element at risk That information such as material of building (wall, floor and roof), number of floor and age of building was recorded. Most of households using concrete material for wall, floor, and roof. From combination of wall material, floor material and roof material, five common structural type of building in this study area was found. Later that information was used in structural vulnerability assessment to get the information which structural type that more susceptible to flood compare than others. That information such as material of building (wall, floor and roof), number of floor and age of building was recorded. Most of households using concrete material for wall, floor, and roof. From combination of wall material, floor material and roof material, five common structural type of building in this study area was found. Later that information was used in structural vulnerability assessment to get the information which structural type that more susceptible to flood compare than others.

13. Building contents Building contents found inside the houses, include furniture and appliances. Local people located their valuable properties in the second floor / higher places to avoid the damage during the flood. Selection of furniture that more resistant due to flooding. Most of total values of building contents are less than Rp 920,000 (� 68.1 euro) Building contents found inside the houses in Kampung Melayu include furniture and appliances. From this research revealed that local people located their valuable properties � for example: electronic appliances, books and important documents, jewellery, etc - in the second floor to avoid the damage during the flood. They also decided to choose the furniture made from plastic that easier to move to safer place during flood. Most of total values of building contents are less than Rp 920,000. This value shows the value of building contents that could be damaged during flood.Building contents found inside the houses in Kampung Melayu include furniture and appliances. From this research revealed that local people located their valuable properties � for example: electronic appliances, books and important documents, jewellery, etc - in the second floor to avoid the damage during the flood. They also decided to choose the furniture made from plastic that easier to move to safer place during flood. Most of total values of building contents are less than Rp 920,000. This value shows the value of building contents that could be damaged during flood.

14. Characteristics of people at risk Age: 41 - 50 (31.3%) Gender: male (49 respondents) and female (34 respondents) Occupation: live mostly on trading Income: low Educational level: low Length of stay: 21 � 31 years (38.6%) Housing status: most of households own their houses Some indicators such as: age and gender, occupation and income, households� size, educational level, length of stay and housing status were used to access socio-economic characteristics of the people in the study area. Age of the respondents mostly 41-50 years old; consist of 49 male respondents and 34 female respondents. Their income and educational level seems to be low; 74.7% of the interviewed households categorized as low income family and 51.8% of the respondents only achieved elementary level. Their insufficient income and lack of formal education limit their capacity to improve their livelihood strategies, for example they can not compete and function effectively in the labor market. This research revealed that most of households own their houses and it force them to secure their asset with several coping strategies. Some indicators such as: age and gender, occupation and income, households� size, educational level, length of stay and housing status were used to access socio-economic characteristics of the people in the study area. Age of the respondents mostly 41-50 years old; consist of 49 male respondents and 34 female respondents. Their income and educational level seems to be low; 74.7% of the interviewed households categorized as low income family and 51.8% of the respondents only achieved elementary level. Their insufficient income and lack of formal education limit their capacity to improve their livelihood strategies, for example they can not compete and function effectively in the labor market. This research revealed that most of households own their houses and it force them to secure their asset with several coping strategies.

15. Vulnerability Assessment - Structure The relationships between levels of damage and flood depths were plotted into graphics for each of five structural type of building found in this study area. It is found that houses with structural type 5 (mixed wall-mixed floor-asbestos roof) are the most vulnerable among all structural types of building found in Kampung Melayu. Additionally, house with structural type 1 (brick wall-concrete floor-clay roof) is the least vulnerable among other structural types of building in the study area. Later on, the final vulnerability map for structural type of buildings was obtained after classifying the vulnerability values in different categories using a slicing operation (very high, high, moderate, low and no vulnerability). The relationships between levels of damage and flood depths were plotted into graphics for each of five structural type of building found in this study area. It is found that houses with structural type 5 (mixed wall-mixed floor-asbestos roof) are the most vulnerable among all structural types of building found in Kampung Melayu. Additionally, house with structural type 1 (brick wall-concrete floor-clay roof) is the least vulnerable among other structural types of building in the study area. Later on, the final vulnerability map for structural type of buildings was obtained after classifying the vulnerability values in different categories using a slicing operation (very high, high, moderate, low and no vulnerability).

16. Vulnerability Assessment � Building Content Some assumptions were established before defining the building contents vulnerability: 1. The list of building contents only considered the building contents located in bedrooms, living rooms, dining rooms and kitchens. 2. Socio-economic level especially income has strong influence on the building contents found in the houses. Furthermore, three socio-economic levels were assumed have different value of building contents; they are: low, medium and high. 3. Some articles can be found in all socio-economic classes but the price of it differs related to the income level; and that the number of items increases with the economic class. For that reason, three lists of articles were prepared according to the socioeconomic classes and it was already assigned to each respondent during the survey. The vulnerability values are gathered from the interviewed households and represent the percentage of expected damage. Therefore, it was multiplied by the value of each item. Later on, the vulnerability value (from 0 to 1) for each water height was determined by summing up the subtotals, and dividing by the total price of the list. A slicing operation was used in order to produce the map of building contents vulnerability. The vulnerability was classified into five classes, i.e: very high, high, moderate, low and no vulnerability. Some assumptions were established before defining the building contents vulnerability: 1. The list of building contents only considered the building contents located in bedrooms, living rooms, dining rooms and kitchens. 2. Socio-economic level especially income has strong influence on the building contents found in the houses. Furthermore, three socio-economic levels were assumed have different value of building contents; they are: low, medium and high. 3. Some articles can be found in all socio-economic classes but the price of it differs related to the income level; and that the number of items increases with the economic class. For that reason, three lists of articles were prepared according to the socioeconomic classes and it was already assigned to each respondent during the survey. The vulnerability values are gathered from the interviewed households and represent the percentage of expected damage. Therefore, it was multiplied by the value of each item. Later on, the vulnerability value (from 0 to 1) for each water height was determined by summing up the subtotals, and dividing by the total price of the list. A slicing operation was used in order to produce the map of building contents vulnerability. The vulnerability was classified into five classes, i.e: very high, high, moderate, low and no vulnerability.

17. Coping Mechanism The community�s coping mechanism can be divided into three phases, which are: before, during and after flooding. From each flood stage, the strategies have been categorized into technological/structural mechanism, economic mechanism and social mechanism. Previous knowledge of disaster events enhances the community�s capacity to prepare for and cope with disasters. People have trained themselves to make some arrangements according to their capacity, for example build their houses with more than one floor with minimal material. Further analysis found that there are different coping strategies conducted by the female and male respondents. Female respondents mainly focus on the food, properties, home and family while the men respondents prefer to perform the technological or structural mechanisms.The community�s coping mechanism can be divided into three phases, which are: before, during and after flooding. From each flood stage, the strategies have been categorized into technological/structural mechanism, economic mechanism and social mechanism. Previous knowledge of disaster events enhances the community�s capacity to prepare for and cope with disasters. People have trained themselves to make some arrangements according to their capacity, for example build their houses with more than one floor with minimal material. Further analysis found that there are different coping strategies conducted by the female and male respondents. Female respondents mainly focus on the food, properties, home and family while the men respondents prefer to perform the technological or structural mechanisms.

18. Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System (EWS) In flood forecasting and warnings, lurah, the head of RW or RT plays an important role in the study area. Dissemination of warnings is distributed using several tools, such as landline phone, mobile phone, handy talkie (HT), mosque�s speaker and door-to-door. Many people using mobile phone to send the SMS in order to distribute the flood warning to their friend or relatives. Whatever the method for warning the public, communication systems must be well planned so that it can well distributed to the people in prone areas. Mainly, the flood forecasting within this community is through monitoring the water height at several Watergates. This information has not followed the action plan for the community, nor the community preparedness plans. Individual households must take their own decision whether they must go to evacuation center or not. It was observed that the reliability of the warning is still low. Some respondents mentioned that they did not always believe the information they obtained, because sometimes the information is not accurate; in the past they had already moved their properties to higher places but the flood never came. In flood forecasting and warnings, lurah, the head of RW or RT plays an important role in the study area. Dissemination of warnings is distributed using several tools, such as landline phone, mobile phone, handy talkie (HT), mosque�s speaker and door-to-door. Many people using mobile phone to send the SMS in order to distribute the flood warning to their friend or relatives. Whatever the method for warning the public, communication systems must be well planned so that it can well distributed to the people in prone areas. Mainly, the flood forecasting within this community is through monitoring the water height at several Watergates. This information has not followed the action plan for the community, nor the community preparedness plans. Individual households must take their own decision whether they must go to evacuation center or not. It was observed that the reliability of the warning is still low. Some respondents mentioned that they did not always believe the information they obtained, because sometimes the information is not accurate; in the past they had already moved their properties to higher places but the flood never came.

19. Gotong royong Proximity to community�s livelihood rather than safety. The damage and vulnerability is influenced by: the building material and socio-economic status. Community and local government develop their own coping strategies. The key role of administrative leader during dissemination of flood forecasting and warnings. Warnings are not always trusted by the people; more reliable information is needed. Conclusions Some interesting findings exist in this research related with people�s perception. First, people help each other to clean up the house and surrounding before and after flooding (gotong royong). It is a positive thing related with flood risks in this study area and an unusual phenomenon in urban areas, where people are usually more individualistic. Second, the proximity to community�s livelihood rather than safety is the main reason that people stay in this flood-prone area. The damage and vulnerability is determined by the material of the house ? most people try to build their houses using concrete material which is considered as the most resistant material against flooding. There is also a strong relationship between vulnerability with to the socio-economic status (income) of the households. Buildings with more assets will possibly have a higher damage and higher building contents vulnerability. Through this research, it was found that since this is a flood-prone area, both community and local government already make some arrangements concerning their capacity to cope with the flood. Further analysis found that there are different coping strategies conducted by female and male respondents. The key role of the lurah, head of RW or RT during dissemination of flood forecasting and warnings is very important. Warnings are not always trusted by the people because sometimes this information has not been accurate. More reliable information is needed because it will influence people�s response to flood.Some interesting findings exist in this research related with people�s perception. First, people help each other to clean up the house and surrounding before and after flooding (gotong royong). It is a positive thing related with flood risks in this study area and an unusual phenomenon in urban areas, where people are usually more individualistic. Second, the proximity to community�s livelihood rather than safety is the main reason that people stay in this flood-prone area. The damage and vulnerability is determined by the material of the house ? most people try to build their houses using concrete material which is considered as the most resistant material against flooding. There is also a strong relationship between vulnerability with to the socio-economic status (income) of the households. Buildings with more assets will possibly have a higher damage and higher building contents vulnerability. Through this research, it was found that since this is a flood-prone area, both community and local government already make some arrangements concerning their capacity to cope with the flood. Further analysis found that there are different coping strategies conducted by female and male respondents. The key role of the lurah, head of RW or RT during dissemination of flood forecasting and warnings is very important. Warnings are not always trusted by the people because sometimes this information has not been accurate. More reliable information is needed because it will influence people�s response to flood.

20. Recommendations Include the hydrological and meteorological data, river morphology, elevation contours at a detailed scale, etc. ? better and more accurate result. Combination of water depth and water duration is needed for damage assessment. Combination of micro-level vulnerability and capacity assessment with a macro-level assessment of disaster and vulnerability contexts. This research basically was aimed at utilizing local knowledge, and did not consider other aspect; therefore further studies in this area need to include the hydrological and meteorological data, river morphology, elevation contours at a detailed scale, etc. as additional inputs to produce a better and more accurate result on flood hazard assessment. Since this is a research involving community participation, in order to test the accuracy and reliability of the results obtained, they should be checked by the local people, through key persons (local traditional leader, administrative leader, town planning institution) and FGD (Focus Group Discussion) in this study area. Concerning the vulnerability of building structure assessment, the duration of the flood waters plays an important role, and it obviously influences the level of damage of the building structures; therefore the combination of water depth and water duration is needed for the next research. Micro-level vulnerability and capacity assessment performed in this research could be enhanced by linking this analysis with a macro-level assessment of disaster and vulnerability contexts. Combination of micro-macro analysis would give a wider point of view and help assess how national socio-economic condition and political systems and processes are directly related to and could influence local vulnerability contexts.This research basically was aimed at utilizing local knowledge, and did not consider other aspect; therefore further studies in this area need to include the hydrological and meteorological data, river morphology, elevation contours at a detailed scale, etc. as additional inputs to produce a better and more accurate result on flood hazard assessment. Since this is a research involving community participation, in order to test the accuracy and reliability of the results obtained, they should be checked by the local people, through key persons (local traditional leader, administrative leader, town planning institution) and FGD (Focus Group Discussion) in this study area. Concerning the vulnerability of building structure assessment, the duration of the flood waters plays an important role, and it obviously influences the level of damage of the building structures; therefore the combination of water depth and water duration is needed for the next research. Micro-level vulnerability and capacity assessment performed in this research could be enhanced by linking this analysis with a macro-level assessment of disaster and vulnerability contexts. Combination of micro-macro analysis would give a wider point of view and help assess how national socio-economic condition and political systems and processes are directly related to and could influence local vulnerability contexts.

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