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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates. CH 2 OH. O. H. H. H. OH. H. OH. HO. H. OH. Carbohydrates. energy molecules. sugar. sugar. sugar. sugar. sugar. sugar. sugar. sugar. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6

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Carbohydrates

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  1. Carbohydrates

  2. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates energymolecules

  3. sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 • Function: • energy uenergy storage • raw materialsustructural materials • Monomer: sugars • ex: sugars, starches, cellulose (CH2O)x C6H12O6

  4. H O C CH2OH CH2OH C OH O H H O H H H OH H OH H C H HO OH HO HO H H H OH OH H Glyceraldehyde Glucose Ribose Sugars • Most names for sugars end in -ose • Classified by number of carbons • 6C = hexose (glucose) • 5C = pentose (ribose) • 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) 6 5 3

  5. Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone

  6. Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutionsin biology? In cells! Carbons are numbered

  7. Numbered carbons C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C C 3' 2'

  8. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose Simple & complex sugars • Monosaccharides • simple 1 monomer sugars • glucose • Disaccharides • 2 monomers • sucrose • Polysaccharides • large polymers • starch

  9. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage

  10. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose (table sugar)

  11. Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars • costs little energy to build • easily reversible = release energy • Function: • energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) • in liver & muscles • structure • cellulose (plants) • chitin (arthropods & fungi)

  12. Linear vs. branched polysaccharides slow release starch (plant) What doesbranching do? energystorage glycogen (animal) fast release

  13. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose • isomers of glucose • structure determines function…

  14. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

  15. Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth • herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose • most carnivores have not • that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = undigestible roughage But it tasteslike hay!Who can liveon this stuff?!

  16. Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

  17. Helpful bacteria • How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? • BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Coprophage Ruminants

  18. EAT X Let’s build some Carbohydrates!

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