Christine Enker International Careers Consultant University of Melbourne Careers & Employment

1. Global Trends in Professional Employment Christine Enker International Careers Consultant University of Melbourne Careers & Employment

2. Influences on the Labour Market • The only constant is change • Rapid technological, organisational and environmental change • Globalisation of the economy • Freeing up of financial markets • Increases in cross border trade • Increase in the number of companies working internationally • Regular downsizing and restructuring • Regular mergers and takeovers • The impact of global events - September 11, war in Iraq and SARS

3. Changing nature of work • Having a tertiary qualification many ‘not guarantee’ you immediate direct entry into a professional position. Employers are now in a position to demand a tertiary education as a minimum requirement for ENTRY LEVEL positions • The amount of work experience that you have during your course and involvement in extra curricular activities will also impact on this. • Growing trend towards self employment, outsourcing of business activities, project based and consultancy work • Part-time and contact roles are becoming more common; you may develop a ‘portfolio’ of complementary experiences rather than working for one organisation • You may have to think laterally and be flexible and adaptable in your approach to gaining employment in your preferred industry

4. Skills & Capabilities required for the Global Labour Market • International skills • Languages, cultural sensitivity, cultural knowledge & appreciation gained from studying, travelling, working and living abroad • Core Technical skills • IT skills, Engineering, Science,Technology, Business/Finance, E-commerce skills, Management, Marketing and Sales - skills for the rapidly emerging new knowledge based economies • Soft Skills/Generic skills • Attitude,Work ethic,Sense of responsibility,Temperament,Initiative,Self confidence,Leadership,Interest (in the industry),Disciplined,Resourceful • Professional skills, Interpersonal skills,Communication skills,Organising and planning skills,Problem solving skills,Teamwork skills and Time management skills • Global Awareness • Keep up to date with world events, read newspapers critically, watch the SBS News, keep in touch with events in your home country, read international magazines such as Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER)

5. http://www.hudsonresourcing.com/

6. Net hiring Expectations

7. Asian Hiring Expectations by Discipline

8. Jobs in Demand in China • The positive economic outlook in China projects continuous demand for quality candidates.

9. China • PRC is developing and booming in a number of industries with the most urgent need for senior executives. • Previously multinational companies came into China but the new trend is to create multinational companies in China. eg. Legend Computers have entered the US market with low cost computers • Shanghai is developing as the International Financial Services Centre for China with banks, insurance companies, law firms and other service companies and is hosting the World Expo in 2010. The government is aggressive in getting companies to set up in Pudon. • Growth in services, tourism, financial, education and training, hotel, manufacturing, sciences, biotechnology and architecture • Beijing - Olympics

10. 51job.com and eSearch - China • There is a big gap filling the mid to senior level positions requiring international experience and people management skills • Fresh grads do not have much leverage without work experience • Grads should not be in the market looking for too long. May not find the best job, but get a job to start and build experience from. Target an industry you are interested in. • Find a job first, then a good job second - the first job is to build some experience and credibility • Sending 20 applications is not enough, need to send 100 • There are lots of opportunities but it is very competitive. • There are competitive advantages from studying abroad and having the international exposure, however you need to get in and prove yourself and after 2-3 years work experience the benefits will be realized.

11. Sample Executive Development Programs Most growth is in Senior Management positions • HSBC -China - Management Trainee Program - Master or Bachelor Degree with a minimum of 2 years work experience intake 15 -16 annually 4000 - 5000 applications • CLP Holdings - HK - MBA or Masters Commerce, Economics and Finance with 2 - 3 years experience for Level 1, 7-8 years experience for Level 2 • 2002 - 900 applications, shortlisted 100 employed 8 • BP - China - Executive Development Program over 3 years • Focusing on MBA, Masters - Commerce, International Business, Law and Finance. Two intakes July - September and Nov - January

12. Management Trainee positions • Multinational companies take small numbers and are highly selective for their Management Trainee programs • Examples • Nestle - China - all disciplines • 8000 local applications for 30 positions plus return international graduates • Need to have sales exposure and learn from sales. Very strong competition from local grads. • L’Oreal - Thailand - 2+ years work Experience and Masters qualifications - recruit around 5 per year • L’Oreal - Malaysia - all disciplines 5 - 6 per year U/Grad or P/Grad • Procter and Gamble - recruit 5 - 8 fresh grads per year • Citibank- HK - recruit 6-8 per year to fast track • PWC China - 10,000 applications - 400 positions

13. Hong Kong • Hong Kong has bounced back and is displaying levels of positive sentiment not seen for over two years. • This quarter, 35.2% of companies are planning to increase headcounts • The most aggressive recruiters coming from Accounting, Financial Services and Consulting, and the IT and Telecommunications sectors.

14. Hong Kong • Greater Pearl River Delta (PRD) - a giant market and key driver of regional growth - population 40 million • GDP growth 1980 - 2000 average of 17% per annum and projected double in first decade of 21st century • Combination of Hong Kong’s and PRD’s resources and expertise - manufactuing hub of the region with HK as the service centre of the region. • Plans to build PRD into a logistics hub with Guangzhou and Shenzhen as an axis into Mainland China

15. Hong Kong and PRD • Newly launched Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) • Will have an immediate and beneficial impact on HK based manufacturers and exporters in hard product areas but will not help regulated areas such as telcos and banks • CEPA -will result in liberalization of HK market access in 17 service sectors ahead of the China WTO timetable • These services include management consulting, convention services,advertising services, accounting services, construction and real estate,medical and dental services, distribution and logistics, freight forwarding,storage and warehousing, transport, tourism, audiovisual services, legal services, banking, securities and insurance.

16. Director of the University of HK Career Education & Placement Centre • Salary and quality of jobs has declined • Fewer management trainee positions • Shift away from management positions to sales. • Now lifelong learning must start at the bottom • New areas of growth in logistics, retail and international trade • Need to change mindset from the old economic structure to the new • Need to be flexible and apply for retail • Civil service not recruiting and in past took 200 graduates • Opportunities in local Banking and Finance sector have declined. • Most people in HK are happy to have a job

17. Tmp/Hudson Hong KongWhat Employers are looking for? • Localisation • Clients are seeking locally born candidates with mix of Cantonese/Mandarin and English skills. • Regionalisation • Clients no longer city or country specific. Will now look for people within the APAC region (as well as returnees from US & Europe) to take roles that may also be housed in a different part of the region. • Best of both worlds - the perfect candidates • Born or raised in HK/China - gone west for Education with several years work experience - thereby grasping cultural awareness from Western perspective and stronger grasp of English (in addition to native language) OR • Born, raised and qualified in West but with significant exposure to the Asian Culture, with Asian language skills. Born western, thinks Eastern. • Qualifications - multinationals - seek minimum of degree qualification and additional qualifications pertaining to each specialisation. • The more practical exposure the better.

18. Singapore • In Singapore, companies are showing positive signs in recruitment terms not seen all year, with the market recording the highest net effect in five quarters • More companies are planning to increase their permanent headcount in quarter 4 than at any other time this year showing a a 59% improvement • Fewer companies also intend to reduce headcount. • In total, 32.4% of companies are planning to increase staff numbers over the coming months, the most aggressive sectors being Health, Consumer and Accounting, Financial Services and Consulting.

19. Mark Ellwood Director Robert Walters Singapore • The job market in Singapore is starting to see signs of recovery although competition for positions is still quite high with a number of people competing for the same jobs. • We are hoping that 2004 will continue to pick up and that the job market will have a more positive outlook • The investment banks are starting to post some good results which is usually a good sign for the rest of the market. • IT contracting - with pressure on headcount and costs we have seen an increase in the number of IT contractors that are being hired. • IT Permanent - this market has been very soft in the last 2 years but with projects being put on hold and IT spend being kept to a minimum but we are seeing signs of a recovery in this market

20. Mark Ellwood Director Robert Walters Singapore • Banking - many banks are hubbing their back office operations into Singapore so there are many opportunities within operations, product control and financial control for the banks in Singapore. • Sales & Marketing - an area of real growth. Good sales and marketing people are in demand by companies who are looking to increase their bottom line • Supply Chain Logistics - an area where we have also seen growth as Singapore is a hub for the region with many goods coming through the country and specialists are hard to find. • Commerce/ Finance - qood, qualified accountants with commercial experience are constantly in demand • Legal - still a soft market

21. Singapore • Sales is the most sought after discipline • Healthcare sector best improvement overall • Looking mainly to fill middle management roles with hands on operational experience and with some specialist background • Most sought after candidates are in Research and Development • Anticipating increase in consumer spending • Banking -increase in demand for consumer banking and in wealth management and front line personnel in corporate banking • IT & Telco dropped slightly by 2%

22. Singapore • Strong demand Engineering Operations, Technical and Scientific staff - specialist engineering and high/emerging technology • Roles sought are those that increase productivity and save costs - quality assurance, after-market customer service and re-design • Legal sector postponing hiring activities • Singapore emerging as an Education hub • Economic improvement will see increased focus on brand management increasing Marketing/Communications and PR functions next quarter

23. Japan • Japan-based companies continue to plough ahead, with the highest number of companies surveyed this year looking to increase staff levels going forward. • 44.6% of all companies are planning on increasing staff levels this quarter compared to 39.1% last quarter. • Driving the positive sentiment are the Engineering, Operations and Scientific, Legal, and Health sectors. • Japan - there is always a demand for overseas educated Japanese speakers. However, if you don't speak Japanese it is a big barrier to the job market.

24. Japan • Recruit I.C.I. specialized in assisting English-Japanese bilingual students (studying outside of Japan) to secure gainful employment. • Rikunabi- http://www.rikunabi2005.com/05/JP/ • Japan's largest and most popular Job-Search Website for University Students. • RECRUIT Tokyo Career Fair (TCF) December 19 and 20 2003 The semi-annual job fair (Dec. & June.) enables students and recent university graduates to meet directly with HR personnel of leading companies in Japan. • InterCareer Net Japan (ICNJ) - http://www.intercareer.com/japan The most popular job search site among the English-Japanese bilingual students studying outside Japan.

25. Thailand • Growing faster and at a more steady pace than many other Asian countries • Politically stable • Open to foreign investment and home to thousands of multinational companies • Less SARS affected • Good opportunities for entry level and recent graduates • Salaries generally lower than other countries but commensurate with costof living

26. Overview of the Thai economy • The Thai economy is experiencing a recovery after a sluggish 2001 • GDP growth accelerated to 5.2% in 2002 and is 4.3% YTD for 2003 • Manufacturing expanded by 13.5% in Quarter 1 - 2003 • Increased private consumption • Rebounding of private investments • Increased demand for exports by 8% and a surplus trade balance • Low inflation and supporting role of governmentmeasures • IT expected to become one of the largest industries in Thailand by 2005

27. London and Europe • The contract market is picking up slowly • Permanent employment is showing signs of recovery • It is a very tough employment market in Europe • There are however skill shortages for the next 5-6 years in teaching, social work and in the allied health professions including, OT, physiotherapy, speech therapy, dietetics, audiology, radiography, cardiography, pharmacy, nursing, P/G degrees in health sciences for research positions in areas such as Microbiology and Biotechnology

28. Australian Permanent Employment Expectations

29. Expatriate Asian Employment Opportunities • Companies in Asia employ foreign talent when they cannot find the skill sets locally. • First choice hires are now for local candidates in each Market. In China and Japan in particular, very few expatriate hires are anticipated to be made in the future. • In HK and Singapore more companies are claiming to never or rarely hire foreign talent. Opportunities for expatriates generally exist as transfer roles in the Financial Services/Insurance and Industrial/Logistics/Engineering/ Chemical/Oil Sectors in Hong Kong and in the Advertising/Marketing,Financial Services/Insurance/Legal/Professional Services sectors in Singapore

30. How companies expect to perform in the first half of 2004 • Hong Kong, a combined 98.6% of all companies are anticipating ‘Average’ (40.1%), ‘Good’ (55.8%) or ‘Excellent’ (2.7%) performances • Overall, 97.2% of Singapore companies anticipate ‘Good’ (48.1%),‘Average’ (44.9%) or ‘Excellent’ (4.2%) performances • 99.2% of all China-based companies surveyed anticipate an average, good or excellent company performance • Japan, 93.4% of companies believe they are going to have either an ‘Average’ (38.7%), ‘Good’ (48.4%) or ‘Excellent’ (6.3%) performance for the first half of the year, with only 6.6% of companies anticipating ‘Poor’ results

31. Employment Outcomes for International Graduates with Australian Qualifications • Good news! • There are almost identical employment outcomes for overseas graduates with Australian qualifications as for Australian graduates • The issue for employers is not your country of origin but where you were qualified and your level of English • In 2002, 50% of successful Skilled Migrants had Australian Qualifications

33. Getting your foot in the door & facing the challenges ahead

34. Before you start your Job Search Each of these areas needs to be addressed for effective job search and to give focus to your search • Self awareness -your unique characteristics, interests, skills, values, age, lifestyle priorities, family and personal commitments • Personal Career Goals -some thought to your initial career direction/objective and what you want to learn • Labour market knowledge • Industry specific knowledge • Preparing a Resume • Preparing a Cover Letter • Improving and refining your interview skills

35. How do I find EmploymentOpportunities? • You need to make yourself a more competitive job seeker! • Two methods of job search • REACTIVE job search involves responding to published job advertisements • PROACTIVE job search involves identifying and (sometimes) creating opportunities that otherwise would have passed you by • You need to use both!

36. Job Seeking Strategies • The Published Job Market • Internet • Recruitment Agencies • Media • University Graduate positions • The “Hidden” Job Market • Networking • Informational Interviewing • Direct Approaches (unsolicited applications or cold calling) • Mentors

37. Searching the Published Job Market • Newspapers- The Star, New Straits Times - Malaysia, The Straits Times - Singapore, Overseas Jobs Express - International • International Magazines- Business/Asia magazines- Far Eastern Economic Review(FEER) and Asia Today -www.asiatoday.com.au • Books - Hobsons series - Careers in Asiawww.hobsons.comGraduan -www.graduan.com.my(Malaysian students) “Looking for work in 28 countries” • Professional/Trade Publications • Government Publications

38. Sample internet employment sites • JobStreet - India, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore • http://www.Jobstreet.com • Contact Singapore - http://www. contactsingapore.org.sg • Singapore Job Centre - Interactive recruitment site http://singseek.com/com/job/ • RecruitAsia - covers 11 Asian countries http://www.recruitasia.com • JobOK.com -job opportunities in HK, Macau and China http://www.jobOK.com • Job Asia http://www.JobAsia.com • Multinational jobsites - Asia-Net http://www.asia-net.com • Job search in the USA • http://www.jobsearch.monster.com/

39. Recruitment Agencies • Provide recruitment services to help organisations meet their temporary and permanent staffing needs • Act on behalf of the employer - rather than the candidate on a fee for service basis • Find ‘people for jobs, not jobs for people’ • Most recruiters are generally more helpful to Graduates with 2-3 years work experience for F/T positions, although some can be helpful for temporary or contract positions for Graduates with some work experience • Some recruit fresh graduates on behalf of companies, although fresh graduates are very often recruited directly by companies • A temporary position very often becomes a permanent position

40. Sample Global Recruitment Agencies • Job Street- http://www.jobstreet.com • Careergardens.com - http://www.careergardens.com/ • Robert Walters - http://www.robertwalters.com • J-hunter http://www.j-hunter.com • TMP/Hudson Worldwide http://www.hudsonresourcing.com/ • Hobsons International - http://www.hobsons.com/ A - Z of employers by country • Alphamaps- http://www.alphamaps.com

41. Sample Global Recruitment Agencies • Hobsons International http://www.hobsons.com/ A - Z of employers by country

42. Professional Associations and Alumni Increase your chances of networking with those in your chosen field or profession • Get involved in the Professional Development activities of Associationseg. Institute of Engineers • Read their newsletters • Use any recruitment services provided • Austcham http://www.austcham.com.hk/ • Join interest groups such as Asialink http://www.asialink.unimelb.edu.au/ • Contact, join or participate in Business Councils http://www.acbc.com.au

43. Increasing Your Chances of Success • Be proactive and committed. • Be flexible and open to different forms of employment to build up your experience. • Network & seek out job opportunities through a variety of sources • Demonstrate an enthusiasm for learning new things. • Think positively!

44. In Summary ….. • Successful job hunting involves using a combination of all the job search strategies • The most effective job search utilizes both the Pro-active and Reactive methods of job search • Tapping into the total job market requires planning, persistence, creativity and self discipline • The job markets are very competitive and you need to differentiate yourself • Finding employment is also related to the amount of effort you put into the process • Looking for work can be viewed as a full time position to be most effective • Be flexible and have a contingency plan • Good luck with your job search!